API Design Framework

Overview

This skill provides comprehensive guidance for designing robust, scalable, and developer-friendly APIs. Whether building REST, GraphQL, or gRPC services, this framework ensures consistency, usability, and maintainability.

When to use this skill:

• Designing new API endpoints or services
• Establishing API conventions for a team or organization
• Reviewing API designs for consistency and best practices
• Migrating or versioning existing APIs
• Creating API documentation (OpenAPI, AsyncAPI)
• Choosing between REST, GraphQL, or gRPC

API Design Principles

1. Developer Experience First

APIs should be intuitive and self-documenting:

• Clear, consistent naming conventions
• Predictable behavior and responses
• Comprehensive documentation
• Helpful error messages

2. Consistency Over Cleverness

Follow established patterns rather than inventing new ones:

• Standard HTTP methods and status codes (REST)
• Conventional query structures (GraphQL)
• Idiomatic proto definitions (gRPC)

3. Evolution Without Breaking Changes

Design for change from day one:

• API versioning strategy
• Backward compatibility considerations
• Deprecation policies
• Migration paths

4. Performance by Design

Consider performance implications:

• Pagination for large datasets
• Filtering and partial responses
• Caching strategies
• Rate limiting

REST API Design

Resource Naming Conventions

Use plural nouns for resources:

✅ GET /users
✅ GET /users/123
✅ GET /users/123/orders

❌ GET /user
❌ GET /getUser
❌ GET /user/123

Use hierarchical relationships:

✅ GET /users/123/orders          # Orders for specific user
✅ GET /teams/5/members           # Members of specific team
✅ POST /projects/10/tasks        # Create task in project 10

❌ GET /userOrders/123            # Flat structure
❌ GET /orders?userId=123         # Query param for relationship

Use kebab-case for multi-word resources:

✅ /shopping-carts
✅ /order-items
✅ /user-preferences

❌ /shoppingCarts    (camelCase)
❌ /shopping_carts   (snake_case)
❌ /ShoppingCarts    (PascalCase)

HTTP Methods (Verbs)

| Method | Purpose | Idempotent | Safe | Example | |--------|---------|------------|------|---------| | GET | Retrieve resource(s) | Yes | Yes | GET /users/123 | | POST | Create resource | No | No | POST /users | | PUT | Replace entire resource | Yes | No | PUT /users/123 | | PATCH | Partial update | No | No | `PATCH /users/123` | | DELETE | Remove resource | Yes | No | DELETE /users/123 | | HEAD | Metadata only (no body) | Yes | Yes | HEAD /users/123 | | OPTIONS | Allowed methods | Yes | Yes | OPTIONS /users |

PATCH can be designed to be idempotent

Status Codes

Success (2xx)

• 200 OK: Successful GET, PUT, PATCH, or DELETE
• 201 Created: Successful POST (include Location header)
• 202 Accepted: Request accepted, processing async
• 204 No Content: Successful DELETE or PUT with no response body

Client Errors (4xx)

• 400 Bad Request: Invalid request body or parameters
• 401 Unauthorized: Missing or invalid authentication
• 403 Forbidden: Authenticated but not authorized
• 404 Not Found: Resource doesn't exist
• 405 Method Not Allowed: HTTP method not supported for resource
• 409 Conflict: Resource conflict (e.g., duplicate)
• 422 Unprocessable Entity: Validation failed
• 429 Too Many Requests: Rate limit exceeded

Server Errors (5xx)

• 500 Internal Server Error: Generic server error
• 502 Bad Gateway: Upstream service error
• 503 Service Unavailable: Temporary unavailability
• 504 Gateway Timeout: Upstream timeout

Request/Response Formats

Request Body (POST/PUT/PATCH):

json
POST /users
Content-Type: application/json

{
  "email": "jane@example.com",
  "name": "Jane Smith",
  "role": "developer"
}

Success Response:

json
HTTP/1.1 201 Created
Location: /users/123
Content-Type: application/json

{
  "id": 123,
  "email": "jane@example.com",
  "name": "Jane Smith",
  "role": "developer",
  "created_at": "2025-10-31T10:30:00Z",
  "updated_at": "2025-10-31T10:30:00Z"
}

Error Response (Standard Format):

json
HTTP/1.1 422 Unprocessable Entity
Content-Type: application/json

{
  "error": {
    "code": "VALIDATION_ERROR",
    "message": "Request validation failed",
    "details": [
      {
        "field": "email",
        "message": "Email is already registered",
        "code": "DUPLICATE_EMAIL"
      },
      {
        "field": "name",
        "message": "Name must be at least 2 characters",
        "code": "NAME_TOO_SHORT"
      }
    ],
    "timestamp": "2025-10-31T10:30:00Z",
    "request_id": "req_abc123"
  }
}

Pagination

Cursor-Based Pagination (Recommended):

GET /users?cursor=eyJpZCI6MTIzfQ&limit=20

Response:
{
  "data": [...],
  "pagination": {
    "next_cursor": "eyJpZCI6MTQzfQ",
    "has_more": true
  }
}

Pros: Consistent results even as data changes Use for: Large datasets, real-time data, infinite scroll

Offset-Based Pagination:

GET /users?page=2&per_page=20

Response:
{
  "data": [...],
  "pagination": {
    "page": 2,
    "per_page": 20,
    "total": 487,
    "total_pages": 25
  }
}

Pros: Easy to understand, supports "jump to page N" Use for: Small datasets, admin panels, known bounds

Filtering and Sorting

Filtering:

GET /users?status=active&role=developer&created_after=2025-01-01
GET /products?price_min=10&price_max=100&category=electronics

Sorting:

GET /users?sort=created_at:desc
GET /users?sort=-created_at              # Minus prefix for descending
GET /users?sort=name:asc,created_at:desc # Multiple fields

Field Selection (Partial Response):

GET /users?fields=id,name,email          # Only specified fields
GET /users/123?exclude=password_hash     # All except specified

API Versioning

Strategy 1: URI Versioning (Recommended)

✅ /api/v1/users
✅ /api/v2/users

Pros: Clear, easy to test, cache-friendly
Cons: Verbose URLs

Strategy 2: Header Versioning

GET /api/users
Accept: application/vnd.company.v2+json

Pros: Clean URLs
Cons: Harder to test, not visible in URL

Strategy 3: Query Parameter

GET /api/users?version=2

Pros: Simple
Cons: Can be forgotten, mixes with business logic params

Best Practice: URI versioning for public APIs, header versioning for internal services

Rate Limiting

Response Headers:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
X-RateLimit-Limit: 1000
X-RateLimit-Remaining: 987
X-RateLimit-Reset: 1635724800

Response when exceeded:
HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Retry-After: 3600

{
  "error": {
    "code": "RATE_LIMIT_EXCEEDED",
    "message": "API rate limit exceeded",
    "retry_after": 3600
  }
}

Authentication & Authorization

Bearer Token (JWT):

GET /users/me
Authorization: Bearer eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9...

API Key:

GET /users
X-API-Key: sk_live_abc123...

Basic Auth (avoid for production):

GET /users
Authorization: Basic dXNlcm5hbWU6cGFzc3dvcmQ=

GraphQL API Design

Schema Design Principles

1. Nullable by Default

graphql
type User {
  id: ID!              # Non-null (required)
  email: String!       # Non-null
  name: String         # Nullable (optional)
  avatar: String       # Nullable
}

2. Use Connections for Lists

graphql
type Query {
  users(first: Int, after: String): UserConnection!
}

type UserConnection {
  edges: [UserEdge!]!
  pageInfo: PageInfo!
  totalCount: Int!
}

type UserEdge {
  node: User!
  cursor: String!
}

type PageInfo {
  hasNextPage: Boolean!
  hasPreviousPage: Boolean!
  startCursor: String
  endCursor: String
}

3. Input Types for Mutations

graphql
input CreateUserInput {
  email: String!
  name: String!
  role: UserRole!
}

type Mutation {
  createUser(input: CreateUserInput!): CreateUserPayload!
}

type CreateUserPayload {
  user: User!
  errors: [UserError!]
}

type UserError {
  field: String!
  message: String!
  code: String!
}

Query Design

Fetch single resource:

graphql
query GetUser {
  user(id: "123") {
    id
    name
    email
    posts {
      id
      title
    }
  }
}

Fetch list with filters:

graphql
query GetUsers {
  users(
    first: 10
    after: "cursor123"
    filter: { role: DEVELOPER, status: ACTIVE }
  ) {
    edges {
      node {
        id
        name
        email
      }
    }
    pageInfo {
      hasNextPage
      endCursor
    }
  }
}

Error Handling

Field-Level Errors:

graphql
type Mutation {
  createUser(input: CreateUserInput!): CreateUserPayload!
}

type CreateUserPayload {
  user: User
  errors: [UserError!]
}

Response:

json
{
  "data": {
    "createUser": {
      "user": null,
      "errors": [
        {
          "field": "email",
          "message": "Email is already taken",
          "code": "DUPLICATE_EMAIL"
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

gRPC API Design

Proto File Structure

user.proto:

protobuf
syntax = "proto3";

package company.user.v1;

import "google/protobuf/timestamp.proto";
import "google/protobuf/empty.proto";

// User service definition
service UserService {
  // Get user by ID
  rpc GetUser(GetUserRequest) returns (GetUserResponse);

  // List users with pagination
  rpc ListUsers(ListUsersRequest) returns (ListUsersResponse);

  // Create new user
  rpc CreateUser(CreateUserRequest) returns (CreateUserResponse);

  // Update user
  rpc UpdateUser(UpdateUserRequest) returns (UpdateUserResponse);

  // Delete user
  rpc DeleteUser(DeleteUserRequest) returns (google.protobuf.Empty);

  // Stream updates (server streaming)
  rpc WatchUsers(WatchUsersRequest) returns (stream UserEvent);
}

// Messages
message User {
  string id = 1;
  string email = 2;
  string name = 3;
  UserRole role = 4;
  google.protobuf.Timestamp created_at = 5;
  google.protobuf.Timestamp updated_at = 6;
}

enum UserRole {
  USER_ROLE_UNSPECIFIED = 0;
  USER_ROLE_ADMIN = 1;
  USER_ROLE_DEVELOPER = 2;
  USER_ROLE_VIEWER = 3;
}

message GetUserRequest {
  string id = 1;
}

message GetUserResponse {
  User user = 1;
}

message ListUsersRequest {
  int32 page_size = 1;
  string page_token = 2;
  string filter = 3;  // e.g., "role=DEVELOPER AND status=ACTIVE"
}

message ListUsersResponse {
  repeated User users = 1;
  string next_page_token = 2;
  int32 total_size = 3;
}

message CreateUserRequest {
  string email = 1;
  string name = 2;
  UserRole role = 3;
}

message CreateUserResponse {
  User user = 1;
}

Error Handling

Use gRPC status codes:

go
// OK: Success
// CANCELLED: Client cancelled
// INVALID_ARGUMENT: Invalid request (400 equivalent)
// NOT_FOUND: Resource not found (404 equivalent)
// ALREADY_EXISTS: Duplicate (409 equivalent)
// PERMISSION_DENIED: Forbidden (403 equivalent)
// UNAUTHENTICATED: Auth required (401 equivalent)
// RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED: Rate limit (429 equivalent)
// INTERNAL: Server error (500 equivalent)

API Documentation

OpenAPI 3.1 Structure

See /templates/openapi-template.yaml for complete example.

Key sections:

• info: API metadata (title, version, description)
• servers: Base URLs for different environments
• paths: Endpoints with operations
• components: Reusable schemas, responses, parameters
• security: Authentication schemes

AsyncAPI 3.0 (Event-Driven)

For documenting message-based APIs (Kafka, RabbitMQ, WebSockets).

See /templates/asyncapi-template.yaml for complete example.

Best Practices

1. Use Standard Media Types

Content-Type: application/json          # JSON
Content-Type: application/xml           # XML
Content-Type: application/protobuf      # Protocol Buffers
Content-Type: application/octet-stream  # Binary data

2. HATEOAS (Optional for REST)

Include links for related resources:

json
{
  "id": 123,
  "name": "Jane Smith",
  "_links": {
    "self": { "href": "/users/123" },
    "orders": { "href": "/users/123/orders" },
    "avatar": { "href": "/users/123/avatar" }
  }
}

3. Idempotency Keys

For preventing duplicate operations:

POST /payments
Idempotency-Key: unique-request-id-123

4. Bulk Operations

POST /users/bulk-create
POST /users/bulk-update
POST /users/bulk-delete

5. Webhooks

Document webhook payloads and retry logic:

json
POST https://client.example.com/webhook
X-Webhook-Signature: sha256=abc123...

{
  "event": "user.created",
  "data": { ... },
  "timestamp": "2025-10-31T10:30:00Z"
}

Common Pitfalls

❌ Using verbs in URLs

Bad:  POST /createUser
Good: POST /users

❌ Inconsistent naming

Bad:  /users, /userOrders, /user_preferences
Good: /users, /orders, /preferences

❌ Ignoring HTTP methods

Bad:  POST /users/123/delete
Good: DELETE /users/123

❌ Exposing implementation details

Bad:  /users-table, /get-user-from-db
Good: /users, /users/123

❌ Generic error messages

Bad:  { "error": "Something went wrong" }
Good: { "error": { "code": "DUPLICATE_EMAIL", "message": "Email already exists" }}

Integration with Agents

Backend System Architect

• Uses this framework when designing new APIs
• References patterns for consistency across services
• Creates OpenAPI specifications from templates

Frontend UI Developer

• Reviews API contracts before implementation
• Provides feedback on developer experience
• Integrates with APIs following documented patterns

Code Quality Reviewer

• Validates API designs against this framework
• Ensures OpenAPI docs are accurate and complete
• Checks for REST/GraphQL/gRPC best practices

Skill Version: 1.0.0 Last Updated: 2025-10-31 Maintained by: AI Agent Hub Team