Building CI Pipelines

Purpose

CI/CD pipelines automate testing, building, and deploying software. This skill provides patterns for constructing robust, secure, and efficient pipelines across GitHub Actions, GitLab CI, Argo Workflows, and Jenkins. Focus areas: supply chain security (SLSA), monorepo optimization, caching, and parallelization.

When to Use This Skill

Invoke when:

• Setting up continuous integration for new projects
• Implementing automated testing workflows
• Building container images with security provenance
• Optimizing slow CI pipelines (especially monorepos)
• Implementing SLSA supply chain security
• Configuring multi-platform builds
• Setting up GitOps automation
• Migrating from legacy CI systems

Platform Selection

GitHub-hosted → GitHub Actions (SLSA native, 10K+ actions, OIDC) GitLab-hosted → GitLab CI (parent-child pipelines, built-in security) Kubernetes → Argo Workflows (DAG-based, event-driven) Legacy → Jenkins (migrate when possible)

Platform Comparison

| Feature | GitHub Actions | GitLab CI | Argo | Jenkins | |---------|---------------|-----------|------|---------| | Ease of Use | ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ | ⭐⭐⭐ | ⭐⭐ | | SLSA | Native | Manual | Good | Manual | | Monorepo | Good | Excellent | Manual | Plugins |

Quick Start Patterns

Pattern 1: Basic CI (Lint → Test → Build)

yaml
# GitHub Actions
name: CI
on: [push, pull_request]

jobs:
  lint:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - run: npm run lint

  test:
    needs: lint
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - run: npm test

  build:
    needs: test
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - run: npm run build

Pattern 2: Matrix Strategy (Multi-Platform)

yaml
test:
  runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
  strategy:
    matrix:
      os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]
      node-version: [18, 20, 22]
  steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
    - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
      with:
        node-version: ${{ matrix.node-version }}
    - run: npm test

9 jobs (3 OS × 3 versions) in parallel: 5 min vs 45 min sequential.

Pattern 3: Monorepo Affected (Turborepo)

yaml
build:
  runs-on: ubuntu-latest
  steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      with:
        fetch-depth: 0  # Required for affected detection

    - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
      with:
        node-version: 20

    - name: Build affected
      run: npx turbo run build --filter='...[origin/main]'
      env:
        TURBO_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.TURBO_TOKEN }}
        TURBO_TEAM: ${{ vars.TURBO_TEAM }}

60-80% CI time reduction for monorepos.

Pattern 4: SLSA Level 3 Provenance

yaml
name: SLSA Build
on:
  push:
    tags: ['v*']

permissions:
  id-token: write
  contents: read
  packages: write

jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    outputs:
      digest: ${{ steps.build.outputs.digest }}
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - name: Build container
        id: build
        uses: docker/build-push-action@v5
        with:
          push: true
          tags: ghcr.io/${{ github.repository }}:${{ github.sha }}

  provenance:
    needs: build
    permissions:
      id-token: write
      actions: read
      packages: write
    uses: slsa-framework/slsa-github-generator/.github/workflows/generator_container_slsa3.yml@v1.10.0
    with:
      image: ghcr.io/${{ github.repository }}
      digest: ${{ needs.build.outputs.digest }}
      registry-username: ${{ github.actor }}
    secrets:
      registry-password: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}

Verification:

bash
cosign verify-attestation --type slsaprovenance \
  --certificate-identity-regexp "^https://github.com/slsa-framework" \
  --certificate-oidc-issuer https://token.actions.githubusercontent.com \
  ghcr.io/myorg/myapp@sha256:abcd...

Pattern 5: OIDC Federation (No Credentials)

yaml
deploy:
  runs-on: ubuntu-latest
  permissions:
    id-token: write
    contents: read
  steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4

    - name: Configure AWS credentials
      uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@v4
      with:
        role-to-assume: arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/GitHubActionsRole
        aws-region: us-east-1

    - name: Deploy
      run: aws s3 sync ./dist s3://my-bucket

Benefits: No stored credentials, 1-hour lifetime, full audit trail.

Pattern 6: Security Scanning

yaml
security:
  runs-on: ubuntu-latest
  steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      with:
        fetch-depth: 0

    - name: Gitleaks (secret detection)
      uses: gitleaks/gitleaks-action@v2

    - name: Snyk (vulnerability scan)
      uses: snyk/actions/node@master
      env:
        SNYK_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.SNYK_TOKEN }}

    - name: SBOM generation
      uses: anchore/sbom-action@v0
      with:
        format: spdx-json
        output-file: sbom.spdx.json

Caching

Automatic Dependency Caching

yaml
- uses: actions/setup-node@v4
  with:
    node-version: 20
    cache: 'npm'  # Auto-caches ~/.npm
- run: npm ci

Supported: npm, yarn, pnpm, pip, poetry, cargo, go

Manual Cache Control

yaml
- uses: actions/cache@v4
  with:
    path: |
      ~/.cargo/bin
      ~/.cargo/registry
      target/
    key: ${{ runner.os }}-cargo-${{ hashFiles('**/Cargo.lock') }}
    restore-keys: |
      ${{ runner.os }}-cargo-

Multi-Layer Caching (Nx)

yaml
- name: Nx Cloud (build outputs)
  run: npx nx affected -t build
  env:
    NX_CLOUD_ACCESS_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.NX_CLOUD_ACCESS_TOKEN }}

- name: Vite Cache
  uses: actions/cache@v4
  with:
    path: '**/node_modules/.vite'
    key: vite-${{ hashFiles('package-lock.json') }}

- name: TypeScript Cache
  uses: actions/cache@v4
  with:
    path: '**/tsconfig.tsbuildinfo'
    key: tsc-${{ hashFiles('tsconfig.json') }}

Result: 70-90% build time reduction.

Parallelization

Job-Level Parallelization

yaml
jobs:
  unit-tests:
    steps:
      - run: npm run test:unit

  integration-tests:
    steps:
      - run: npm run test:integration

  e2e-tests:
    steps:
      - run: npm run test:e2e

All three run simultaneously.

Test Sharding

yaml
test:
  strategy:
    matrix:
      shard: [1, 2, 3, 4]
  steps:
    - run: npm test -- --shard=${{ matrix.shard }}/4

20min test suite → 5min (4x speedup).

Language Examples

Python

yaml
test:
  strategy:
    matrix:
      python-version: ['3.10', '3.11', '3.12']
  steps:
    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
      with:
        python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
    - run: pipx install poetry
    - run: poetry install
    - run: poetry run ruff check .
    - run: poetry run mypy .
    - run: poetry run pytest --cov

Rust

yaml
test:
  strategy:
    matrix:
      os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]
      rust: [stable, nightly]
  steps:
    - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@master
      with:
        toolchain: ${{ matrix.rust }}
        components: rustfmt, clippy
    - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
    - run: cargo fmt -- --check
    - run: cargo clippy -- -D warnings
    - run: cargo test

Go

yaml
test:
  steps:
    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
      with:
        go-version: '1.23'
        cache: true
    - run: go mod verify
    - uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v4
    - run: go test -v -race -coverprofile=coverage.txt ./...

TypeScript

yaml
test:
  strategy:
    matrix:
      node-version: [18, 20, 22]
  steps:
    - uses: pnpm/action-setup@v3
      with:
        version: 8
    - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
      with:
        node-version: ${{ matrix.node-version }}
        cache: 'pnpm'
    - run: pnpm install --frozen-lockfile
    - run: pnpm run lint
    - run: pnpm run type-check
    - run: pnpm test

Best Practices

Security

DO:

• Use OIDC instead of long-lived credentials
• Pin actions to commit SHA: actions/checkout@b4ffde65f46336ab88eb53be808477a3936bae11
• Restrict permissions: permissions: { contents: read }
• Scan secrets (Gitleaks) on every commit
• Generate SLSA provenance for releases

DON'T:

• Expose secrets in logs
• Use pull_request_target without validation
• Trust unverified third-party actions

Performance

DO:

• Use affected detection for monorepos
• Cache dependencies and build outputs
• Parallelize independent jobs
• Fail fast: strategy.fail-fast: true
• Use remote caching (Turborepo/Nx Cloud)

DON'T:

• Rebuild everything on every commit
• Run long tests in PR checks
• Use generic cache keys

Debugging

yaml
# Enable debug logging
env:
  ACTIONS_STEP_DEBUG: true
  ACTIONS_RUNNER_DEBUG: true

# SSH into runner
- uses: mxschmitt/action-tmate@v3

Advanced Patterns

For detailed guides, see references:

• github-actions-patterns.md - Reusable workflows, composite actions, matrix strategies, OIDC setup
• gitlab-ci-patterns.md - Parent-child pipelines, dynamic generation, runner configuration
• argo-workflows-guide.md - DAG templates, artifact passing, event-driven triggers
• slsa-security-framework.md - SLSA Levels 1-4, provenance generation, cosign verification
• monorepo-ci-strategies.md - Turborepo/Nx/Bazel affected detection algorithms
• caching-strategies.md - Multi-layer caching, Docker optimization, cache invalidation
• parallelization-patterns.md - Test sharding, job dependencies, DAG design
• secrets-management.md - OIDC for AWS/GCP/Azure, Vault integration, rotation

Examples

Complete runnable workflows:

• examples/github-actions-basic/ - Starter template (lint/test/build)
• examples/github-actions-monorepo/ - Turborepo with remote caching
• examples/github-actions-slsa/ - SLSA Level 3 provenance
• examples/gitlab-ci-monorepo/ - Parent-child dynamic pipeline
• examples/argo-workflows-dag/ - Diamond DAG parallelization
• examples/multi-language-matrix/ - Cross-platform testing

Utility Scripts

Token-free execution:

• scripts/validate_workflow.py - Validate YAML syntax and best practices
• scripts/generate_github_workflow.py - Generate workflow from template
• scripts/analyze_ci_performance.py - CI metrics analysis
• scripts/setup_oidc_aws.py - Automate AWS OIDC setup

Related Skills

testing-strategies - Test execution strategies (unit, integration, E2E) deploying-applications - Deployment automation and GitOps auth-security - Secrets management and authentication observability - Pipeline monitoring and alerting