UCSC Genome Browser

Overview

The UCSC Genome Browser REST API at https://api.genome.ucsc.edu/ provides programmatic access to genome sequences, annotation tracks, and hub data for 100+ assemblies including hg38, mm39, and dm6. The API is free, requires no authentication, and returns JSON. Use it with the requests library to fetch DNA sequences for genomic regions, retrieve track data (genes, repeats, conservation), list available tracks, and query chromosome sizes for genome-scale coordinate arithmetic.

When to Use

• Fetching the reference DNA sequence for any genomic region (e.g., promoter, exon, CRISPR target) across human, mouse, or other assemblies
• Retrieving RefSeq or GENCODE gene structure (exon coordinates, CDS boundaries, strand) for a locus of interest
• Looking up PhyloP or PhastCons conservation scores to assess evolutionary constraint at a variant site
• Listing and querying any of UCSC's 1000+ annotation tracks (repeats, regulatory elements, conservation) for a region
• Getting chromosome sizes for a genome assembly to set up bedtools, pysam, or coverage pipelines
• Accessing public UCSC track hubs (e.g., ENCODE, Roadmap Epigenomics) without downloading data locally
• Use ensembl-database instead when you need Ensembl stable IDs, VEP variant annotation, or cross-species comparative genomics via the Ensembl REST API
• For bulk local queries across millions of regions, use bedtools-genomic-intervals with pre-downloaded UCSC annotation files

Prerequisites

• Python packages: requests, matplotlib (for visualization)
• Data requirements: genomic coordinates (chrom, start, end in 0-based half-open BED format), genome assembly name (e.g., hg38, mm39)
• Environment: internet connection; no authentication required
• Rate limits: no official published limit; add 0.5s delays for batch requests (>100 queries)

bash
pip install requests matplotlib

Quick Start

python
import requests

BASE = "https://api.genome.ucsc.edu"

def get_sequence(genome, chrom, start, end):
    """Fetch DNA sequence for a genomic region (0-based, half-open)."""
    r = requests.get(f"{BASE}/getData/sequence",
                     params={"genome": genome, "chrom": chrom,
                             "start": start, "end": end})
    r.raise_for_status()
    return r.json()["dna"]

# Fetch 1 kb around the BRCA1 TSS on hg38
seq = get_sequence("hg38", "chr17", 43044294, 43045294)
print(f"Length: {len(seq)} bp")
print(f"Sequence: {seq[:60]}...")
# Length: 1000 bp
# Sequence: ATGATTGGTGGTTACATGCACAGTTGCTCTGGGAAGTTTCTTCTTCAGTTGAGAAAAGGT...

Core API

Query 1: Sequence Retrieval

Fetch the reference DNA sequence for any genomic region using the getData/sequence endpoint. Coordinates are 0-based, half-open (BED format).

python
import requests

BASE = "https://api.genome.ucsc.edu"

def get_sequence(genome, chrom, start, end):
    """Return DNA sequence string for the given region."""
    r = requests.get(f"{BASE}/getData/sequence",
                     params={"genome": genome, "chrom": chrom,
                             "start": start, "end": end})
    r.raise_for_status()
    data = r.json()
    return data["dna"]

# TP53 exon 4 region (hg38)
seq = get_sequence("hg38", "chr17", 7676520, 7676620)
print(f"Region: chr17:7,676,520-7,676,620 ({len(seq)} bp)")
print(f"Sequence: {seq}")

python
# Reverse-complement for minus-strand genes
def revcomp(seq):
    comp = str.maketrans("ACGTacgt", "TGCAtgca")
    return seq.translate(comp)[::-1]

# BRCA2 on minus strand (hg38)
seq_fwd = get_sequence("hg38", "chr13", 32315086, 32315186)
seq_rc  = revcomp(seq_fwd)
print(f"Forward: {seq_fwd[:30]}...")
print(f"RevComp: {seq_rc[:30]}...")

Query 2: Track Data Query

Retrieve annotation data (BED records) from any UCSC track for a genomic region.

python
import requests

BASE = "https://api.genome.ucsc.edu"

def get_track_data(genome, track, chrom, start, end):
    """Fetch annotation records from a UCSC track for a region."""
    r = requests.get(f"{BASE}/getData/track",
                     params={"genome": genome, "track": track,
                             "chrom": chrom, "start": start, "end": end})
    r.raise_for_status()
    data = r.json()
    # Track data is under the key matching the track name
    return data.get(track, data.get("data", []))

# Fetch RepeatMasker annotations in the MYC locus (hg38)
repeats = get_track_data("hg38", "rmsk", "chr8", 127_735_434, 127_742_951)
print(f"Repeat elements in MYC locus: {len(repeats)}")
for r in repeats[:3]:
    print(f"  {r.get('repName', r.get('name'))} | {r['chromStart']}-{r['chromEnd']}")

python
# Fetch CpG islands near a promoter
cpg_islands = get_track_data("hg38", "cpgIslandExt", "chr17", 43_044_000, 43_050_000)
print(f"CpG islands found: {len(cpg_islands)}")
for island in cpg_islands:
    print(f"  {island['name']}: {island['chromStart']}-{island['chromEnd']}, "
          f"obsExp={island.get('obsExp', 'n/a')}")

Query 3: Track List

List all available annotation tracks for a genome assembly to discover what data is available.

python
import requests

BASE = "https://api.genome.ucsc.edu"

def list_tracks(genome):
    """Return a dict of {track_name: track_metadata} for a genome assembly."""
    r = requests.get(f"{BASE}/list/tracks", params={"genome": genome})
    r.raise_for_status()
    return r.json().get("tracks", {})

tracks = list_tracks("hg38")
print(f"Total tracks in hg38: {len(tracks)}")

# Find conservation-related tracks
conserv = {k: v for k, v in tracks.items() if "conserv" in k.lower() or "phylop" in k.lower()}
for name, meta in list(conserv.items())[:5]:
    print(f"  {name}: {meta.get('shortLabel', '')}")

Query 4: Chromosome Sizes

Get the length of every chromosome (or scaffold) for a genome assembly.

python
import requests

BASE = "https://api.genome.ucsc.edu"

def get_chrom_sizes(genome):
    """Return {chrom: size_in_bp} for a genome assembly."""
    r = requests.get(f"{BASE}/list/chromosomes", params={"genome": genome})
    r.raise_for_status()
    return r.json().get("chromosomeSizes", {})

sizes = get_chrom_sizes("hg38")
print(f"hg38 chromosome count: {len(sizes)}")

# Show canonical autosomes + sex chromosomes
canonical = {c: sizes[c] for c in sorted(sizes) if c in
             [f"chr{i}" for i in range(1, 23)] + ["chrX", "chrY", "chrM"]}
for chrom, length in sorted(canonical.items(),
                             key=lambda x: int(x[0].replace("chr", "").replace("X", "23").replace("Y", "24").replace("M", "25"))):
    print(f"  {chrom}: {length:,} bp")

Query 5: Gene Annotation

Query RefSeq gene models (exon coordinates, CDS, strand) for a genomic region.

python
import requests

BASE = "https://api.genome.ucsc.edu"

def get_refgene(genome, chrom, start, end):
    """Retrieve RefSeq gene annotations for a region."""
    r = requests.get(f"{BASE}/getData/track",
                     params={"genome": genome, "track": "refGene",
                             "chrom": chrom, "start": start, "end": end})
    r.raise_for_status()
    return r.json().get("refGene", [])

# Query EGFR gene region (hg38)
genes = get_refgene("hg38", "chr7", 55_019_017, 55_211_628)
for g in genes:
    exon_count = g.get("exonCount", 0)
    print(f"  {g['name2']} ({g['name']}) | {g['strand']} | "
          f"tx: {g['txStart']}-{g['txEnd']} | exons: {exon_count}")

python
# Parse exon intervals from a refGene record
def parse_exons(gene_record):
    """Return list of (exon_start, exon_end) from a refGene record."""
    starts = [int(s) for s in gene_record["exonStarts"].strip(",").split(",") if s]
    ends   = [int(e) for e in gene_record["exonEnds"].strip(",").split(",") if e]
    return list(zip(starts, ends))

genes = get_refgene("hg38", "chr7", 55_019_017, 55_211_628)
if genes:
    g = genes[0]
    exons = parse_exons(g)
    print(f"{g['name2']}: {len(exons)} exons")
    for i, (s, e) in enumerate(exons[:4], 1):
        print(f"  Exon {i}: {s}-{e} ({e-s} bp)")

Query 6: Conservation Scores

Fetch per-base PhyloP or PhastCons conservation scores for a genomic region.

python
import requests

BASE = "https://api.genome.ucsc.edu"

def get_conservation(genome, track, chrom, start, end):
    """Retrieve per-base conservation scores from a bigWig track."""
    r = requests.get(f"{BASE}/getData/track",
                     params={"genome": genome, "track": track,
                             "chrom": chrom, "start": start, "end": end})
    r.raise_for_status()
    data = r.json()
    # bigWig tracks return a list of {start, end, value} intervals
    return data.get(track, [])

# PhyloP 100-way conservation at TP53 mutation hotspot (hg38)
# chr17:7,676,594 = codon 248 (R248W/Q common hotspot)
scores = get_conservation("hg38", "phyloP100way", "chr17", 7_676_580, 7_676_610)
print(f"PhyloP 100way scores ({len(scores)} intervals):")
for s in scores[:5]:
    print(f"  chr17:{s['start']}-{s['end']}: phyloP = {s['value']:.3f}")
# Positive scores = conserved; negative = fast-evolving

Query 7: Hub Access

Access public UCSC track hubs and list their available assemblies and tracks.

python
import requests

BASE = "https://api.genome.ucsc.edu"

def list_ucsc_genomes():
    """Return all UCSC-hosted genome assemblies."""
    r = requests.get(f"{BASE}/list/ucscGenomes")
    r.raise_for_status()
    return r.json().get("ucscGenomes", {})

genomes = list_ucsc_genomes()
print(f"Total UCSC genome assemblies: {len(genomes)}")

# Find all human assemblies
human = {k: v for k, v in genomes.items() if "Homo sapiens" in v.get("scientificName", "")}
for name, meta in sorted(human.items()):
    print(f"  {name}: {meta.get('description', '')}")

Key Concepts

0-Based vs. 1-Based Coordinates

The UCSC REST API uses 0-based, half-open intervals (BED format): start is inclusive, end is exclusive. This matches BED files and Python slicing. The UCSC Genome Browser web interface displays 1-based positions. To convert: API start = browser_start - 1, API end = browser_end.

python
# Browser position: chr17:7,676,521-7,676,620 (1-based, closed)
# API query (0-based, half-open):
start_api = 7_676_520   # browser_start - 1
end_api   = 7_676_620   # browser_end unchanged
seq = get_sequence("hg38", "chr17", start_api, end_api)
print(f"Fetched {len(seq)} bp (expected 100)")

Track Data Response Format

Track data returned from /getData/track is keyed by track name. BED-like tracks return a list of dicts with chrom, chromStart, chromEnd, name, score, strand. bigWig tracks (conservation, signal) return {start, end, value} intervals. Always check the actual key in the response JSON, which matches the track parameter name.

Common Workflows

Workflow 1: Extract Promoter Sequences for a Gene List

Goal: Retrieve 2 kb upstream of the TSS for each gene in a list, for motif analysis or primer design.

python
import requests
import time

BASE = "https://api.genome.ucsc.edu"
GENOME = "hg38"
PROMOTER_UP = 2000   # bp upstream of TSS

def get_refgene(genome, chrom, start, end):
    r = requests.get(f"{BASE}/getData/track",
                     params={"genome": genome, "track": "refGene",
                             "chrom": chrom, "start": start, "end": end})
    r.raise_for_status()
    return r.json().get("refGene", [])

def get_sequence(genome, chrom, start, end):
    r = requests.get(f"{BASE}/getData/sequence",
                     params={"genome": genome, "chrom": chrom,
                             "start": start, "end": end})
    r.raise_for_status()
    return r.json()["dna"]

def revcomp(seq):
    comp = str.maketrans("ACGTacgt", "TGCAtgca")
    return seq.translate(comp)[::-1]

# Genes of interest: query a known locus for each
gene_loci = {
    "BRCA1": ("chr17", 43_044_294, 43_125_482),
    "TP53":  ("chr17",  7_661_779,  7_687_538),
    "EGFR":  ("chr7",  55_019_017, 55_211_628),
}

results = {}
for gene, (chrom, locus_start, locus_end) in gene_loci.items():
    records = get_refgene(GENOME, chrom, locus_start, locus_end)
    # Pick the longest transcript
    records = [r for r in records if r.get("name2") == gene]
    if not records:
        print(f"  {gene}: not found")
        continue
    g = max(records, key=lambda x: x["txEnd"] - x["txStart"])
    if g["strand"] == "+":
        prom_start = max(0, g["txStart"] - PROMOTER_UP)
        prom_end   = g["txStart"]
    else:
        prom_start = g["txEnd"]
        prom_end   = g["txEnd"] + PROMOTER_UP
    seq = get_sequence(GENOME, chrom, prom_start, prom_end)
    if g["strand"] == "-":
        seq = revcomp(seq)
    results[gene] = {"chrom": chrom, "start": prom_start, "end": prom_end,
                     "strand": g["strand"], "seq": seq}
    print(f"  {gene}: {chrom}:{prom_start}-{prom_end} | strand={g['strand']} | {len(seq)} bp")
    time.sleep(0.5)

# Write FASTA
with open("promoters.fa", "w") as fh:
    for gene, d in results.items():
        fh.write(f">{gene} {d['chrom']}:{d['start']}-{d['end']}({d['strand']})\n")
        fh.write(d["seq"] + "\n")
print(f"\nSaved {len(results)} promoter sequences → promoters.fa")

Workflow 2: Visualize Gene Structure from refGene Track

Goal: Draw an exon-intron diagram for a gene using matplotlib from refGene track data.

python
import requests
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.patches as mpatches

BASE = "https://api.genome.ucsc.edu"

def get_refgene(genome, chrom, start, end):
    r = requests.get(f"{BASE}/getData/track",
                     params={"genome": genome, "track": "refGene",
                             "chrom": chrom, "start": start, "end": end})
    r.raise_for_status()
    return r.json().get("refGene", [])

def parse_exons(rec):
    starts = [int(s) for s in rec["exonStarts"].strip(",").split(",") if s]
    ends   = [int(e) for e in rec["exonEnds"].strip(",").split(",") if e]
    return list(zip(starts, ends))

# Fetch BRCA1 transcripts (hg38)
genes = get_refgene("hg38", "chr17", 43_044_294, 43_125_482)
brca1 = [g for g in genes if g.get("name2") == "BRCA1"]
print(f"BRCA1 transcripts: {len(brca1)}")

# Plot the canonical transcript (longest)
g = max(brca1, key=lambda x: x["txEnd"] - x["txStart"])
exons = parse_exons(g)
tx_start, tx_end = g["txStart"], g["txEnd"]
cds_start, cds_end = g["cdsStart"], g["cdsEnd"]

fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(12, 2.5))
ax.set_xlim(tx_start - 500, tx_end + 500)
ax.set_ylim(-0.5, 1.5)

# Intron line
ax.hlines(0.5, tx_start, tx_end, color="#555", lw=1.5, zorder=1)

# Exon boxes
for exon_s, exon_e in exons:
    # UTR portion (thin) vs CDS (thick)
    cds_s = max(exon_s, cds_start)
    cds_e = min(exon_e, cds_end)
    # Full exon box (UTR height)
    ax.add_patch(mpatches.FancyBboxPatch(
        (exon_s, 0.25), exon_e - exon_s, 0.5,
        boxstyle="square,pad=0", fc="#a8c4e0", ec="#2c6fad", lw=0.8, zorder=2))
    # CDS box (taller)
    if cds_s < cds_e:
        ax.add_patch(mpatches.FancyBboxPatch(
            (cds_s, 0.15), cds_e - cds_s, 0.7,
            boxstyle="square,pad=0", fc="#2c6fad", ec="#1a4a7a", lw=0.8, zorder=3))

strand_arrow = "→" if g["strand"] == "+" else "←"
ax.set_title(f"{g['name2']} ({g['name']}) {strand_arrow} — hg38 {g['chrom']}:"
             f"{tx_start:,}-{tx_end:,} | {g['exonCount']} exons", fontsize=11)
ax.set_xlabel("Genomic position (bp)")
ax.set_yticks([])
plt.tight_layout()
plt.savefig("brca1_gene_structure.png", dpi=150, bbox_inches="tight")
print("Saved: brca1_gene_structure.png")
plt.show()

Workflow 3: Batch Conservation Score Lookup

Goal: Retrieve mean PhyloP conservation for a list of variants or regions.

python
import requests
import time
import pandas as pd

BASE = "https://api.genome.ucsc.edu"

def get_conservation(genome, track, chrom, start, end):
    r = requests.get(f"{BASE}/getData/track",
                     params={"genome": genome, "track": track,
                             "chrom": chrom, "start": start, "end": end})
    r.raise_for_status()
    return r.json().get(track, [])

# Variants to score (1-based positions → convert to 0-based)
variants = [
    {"id": "rs28897672",  "chrom": "chr17", "pos": 7_676_594},  # TP53 R248
    {"id": "rs80357906",  "chrom": "chr17", "pos": 43_094_692}, # BRCA1
    {"id": "rs1042522",   "chrom": "chr17", "pos": 7_676_147},  # TP53 R72P (common)
]

results = []
for v in variants:
    # Query ±5 bp window around each variant
    scores = get_conservation("hg38", "phyloP100way",
                               v["chrom"], v["pos"] - 6, v["pos"] + 5)
    values = [s["value"] for s in scores]
    mean_score = sum(values) / len(values) if values else float("nan")
    results.append({**v, "phyloP100way_mean": round(mean_score, 3),
                    "n_intervals": len(scores)})
    print(f"  {v['id']}: mean phyloP = {mean_score:.3f}")
    time.sleep(0.5)

df = pd.DataFrame(results)
df.to_csv("variant_conservation.csv", index=False)
print(f"\nSaved → variant_conservation.csv\n{df.to_string(index=False)}")

Key Parameters

| Parameter | Module | Default | Range / Options | Effect | |-----------|--------|---------|-----------------|--------| | genome | All endpoints | — | hg38, mm39, dm6, any UCSC assembly | Selects the genome assembly | | chrom | Sequence, Track | — | chr1–chrY, chrM | Chromosome name (UCSC chr-prefix convention) | | start | Sequence, Track | — | 0–chrom_size | Region start (0-based, inclusive) | | end | Sequence, Track | — | 1–chrom_size | Region end (0-based, exclusive) | | track | getData/track | — | Any track name from list/tracks | Annotation track to retrieve | | hubUrl | Hub endpoints | — | URL to hub.txt | Access a public or private track hub |

Best Practices

1. Use 0-based coordinates throughout: The API is BED-format; always subtract 1 from 1-based browser positions. Mixing conventions causes silent off-by-one errors.

1. Add delays for batch queries: There is no enforced rate limit, but UCSC's servers are shared resources. Insert time.sleep(0.5) between requests when processing >50 regions.

python import time for region in regions: seq = get_sequence("hg38", region["chrom"], region["start"], region["end"]) time.sleep(0.5)

1. Discover track names before querying: Track names (e.g., refGene, cpgIslandExt) are not always obvious. Call list/tracks first to find the correct internal name, then query /getData/track.

1. Handle missing track keys in response: The JSON key holding track records matches the track parameter name. Always use .get(track, []) to avoid KeyError when a track returns no data in a region.

1. Download chromosome sizes once and cache: For pipelines that need sizes across many regions, call list/chromosomes once and store the result in a dict rather than re-requesting for each query.

Common Recipes

Recipe: Fetch Assembly List and Filter by Organism

When to use: Discover available genome assemblies for a specific species.

python
import requests

r = requests.get("https://api.genome.ucsc.edu/list/ucscGenomes")
r.raise_for_status()
genomes = r.json()["ucscGenomes"]

# All mouse assemblies
mouse = {k: v for k, v in genomes.items()
         if "Mus musculus" in v.get("scientificName", "")}
for name, meta in sorted(mouse.items()):
    print(f"  {name}: {meta.get('description', '')}")

Recipe: Write BED File from Track Query

When to use: Save UCSC track annotations as a BED file for downstream bedtools or IGV analysis.

python
import requests

BASE = "https://api.genome.ucsc.edu"

r = requests.get(f"{BASE}/getData/track",
                 params={"genome": "hg38", "track": "refGene",
                         "chrom": "chr7", "start": 55_019_017, "end": 55_211_628})
r.raise_for_status()
records = r.json().get("refGene", [])

with open("egfr_refgene.bed", "w") as fh:
    for rec in records:
        fh.write(f"{rec['chrom']}\t{rec['txStart']}\t{rec['txEnd']}\t"
                 f"{rec.get('name2', rec['name'])}\t0\t{rec['strand']}\n")
print(f"Wrote {len(records)} gene records → egfr_refgene.bed")

Recipe: GC Content for a Sequence

When to use: Compute GC content of a promoter or exon after fetching its sequence.

python
import requests

seq = requests.get(
    "https://api.genome.ucsc.edu/getData/sequence",
    params={"genome": "hg38", "chrom": "chr17",
            "start": 43_044_294, "end": 43_046_294}
).json()["dna"].upper()

gc = (seq.count("G") + seq.count("C")) / len(seq) * 100
print(f"Region length: {len(seq)} bp | GC content: {gc:.1f}%")

Recipe: Quick Coordinate Validation

When to use: Confirm coordinates are within chromosome bounds before submitting a batch.

python
import requests

sizes = requests.get("https://api.genome.ucsc.edu/list/chromosomes",
                     params={"genome": "hg38"}).json()["chromosomeSizes"]

def validate(chrom, start, end):
    if chrom not in sizes:
        return f"ERROR: {chrom} not in hg38"
    if start < 0 or end > sizes[chrom] or start >= end:
        return f"ERROR: {chrom}:{start}-{end} out of bounds (chrom size={sizes[chrom]})"
    return "OK"

print(validate("chr17", 43_044_294, 43_125_482))  # OK
print(validate("chr17", -1, 100))                  # ERROR

Troubleshooting

| Problem | Cause | Solution | |---------|-------|----------| | HTTP 400 on sequence endpoint | Coordinates out of chromosome bounds or start >= end | Check chromosome size with list/chromosomes; swap start/end if reversed | | Track query returns empty list | No features in the region for that track | Confirm track exists with list/tracks; widen the query window | | KeyError on track response | Response key differs from track parameter | Use .get(track, data.get("data", [])) to handle variant key names | | ConnectionError or timeout | Network issue or server load | Retry with requests.Session() and set timeout=30; add time.sleep(1) | | Sequence is all lowercase | Softmasked regions (RepeatMasker) | Call .upper() on returned sequence if case is irrelevant to your use | | Conservation track returns no data | Track not available for that assembly | Check list/tracks for the assembly; phyloP100way is hg38-only; use phyloP60way for mm10 | | Wrong gene retrieved | Multiple transcripts at locus | Filter by name2 (gene symbol) and select the longest transcript |

Related Skills

• ensembl-database — Ensembl REST API for gene/transcript annotations with stable Ensembl IDs, VEP variant effects, and cross-species homologs; preferred for Ensembl-centric workflows
• encode-database — ENCODE portal for regulatory element datasets (ChIP-seq peaks, ATAC-seq) that feed into UCSC track hubs
• bedtools-genomic-intervals — Perform intersection, coverage, and arithmetic on BED files downloaded from UCSC
• regulomedb-database — RegulomeDB for regulatory variant scoring, which overlaps UCSC regulatory tracks

References

• UCSC REST API documentation — full endpoint reference, parameters, and response formats
• UCSC API base URL — interactive endpoint explorer
• Kent WJ et al. (2002) Genome Res 12:996–1006 — original UCSC Genome Browser paper
• UCSC Track Database — Table Browser to explore track names and schemas