nginx-config-pro

Overview

Authoritative guidance for writing secure, performant nginx reverse-proxy configurations. Produces server blocks that terminate TLS, speak HTTP/2, proxy to upstream applications, cache responses, throttle abusive clients, and compress payloads — without the footguns that cause 502s, header leaks, or weak ciphers.

Keywords: nginx, reverse proxy, TLS, SSL, HTTPS, HTTP/2, HTTP/3, certbot, Let's Encrypt, upstream, proxy_pass, gzip, brotli, rate limiting, limit_req, proxy_cache, security headers, HSTS, CSP, OCSP stapling, websocket, load balancing, 502 bad gateway, 504 gateway timeout.

This skill targets nginx 1.18+ (most directives work on 1.10+). HTTP/3 notes assume 1.25+.

When to use

• Standing up nginx in front of an app server (Node, Django/gunicorn, Rails/puma, PHP-FPM, a container).
• Adding or fixing TLS, redirects, or HSTS.
• Diagnosing 502/504, header duplication, or caching misses.
• Reviewing an existing nginx.conf for security and performance.

Workflow

Follow these steps in order. Each builds on the previous.

1. Gather inputs. Determine: domain name(s), upstream address (host:port or socket), app protocol (http/https/grpc/websocket), whether TLS certs exist or need Let's Encrypt, expected traffic profile (for rate limits and cache), and static asset paths.
2. Choose a topology. Single upstream vs. load-balanced pool; HTTP/1.1 keepalive to upstream vs. fresh connections; whether caching is safe (idempotent GET responses with sane cache headers).
3. Scaffold the file. Use templates/reverse-proxy.conf.tmpl as the starting point. Place site configs in /etc/nginx/sites-available/<name>.conf and symlink into sites-enabled/ (Debian/Ubuntu), or /etc/nginx/conf.d/<name>.conf (RHEL).
4. Configure TLS. Apply the cipher suite, protocols, and OCSP stapling from references/tls-hardening.md. Always serve a port 80 → 443 redirect. Add HSTS only once you are certain HTTPS is permanent.
5. Set proxy headers correctly. Forward Host, X-Forwarded-For, X-Forwarded-Proto, and X-Real-IP. Set sane timeouts. For websockets, add the Upgrade/Connection map. See the "Proxy headers" checklist below.
6. Add performance layers. Enable gzip (and brotli if the module is present), HTTP/2, upstream keepalive, and proxy_cache where appropriate.
7. Add protection layers. Define limit_req_zone / limit_conn_zone in http {} and apply them in location/server. Add the security-header bundle.
8. Validate. Run scripts/nginx_check.sh <conf> to lint for the most common mistakes, then nginx -t and reload. Verify externally per references/troubleshooting.md.

Proxy headers checklist (the #1 source of bugs)

Put shared proxy settings in a snippet (e.g. /etc/nginx/snippets/proxy.conf) and include it:

nginx
proxy_http_version 1.1;
proxy_set_header Host              $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP         $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For   $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Host  $host;
proxy_set_header Connection        "";          # enables upstream keepalive
proxy_read_timeout    60s;
proxy_connect_timeout 5s;
proxy_send_timeout    60s;
proxy_buffering on;

Rules:

• Use $host (not $http_host) so a missing Host header degrades gracefully to server_name.
• $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for appends; never hard-set X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr behind another proxy.
• Set Connection "" only when paired with an upstream { keepalive N; } block and proxy_http_version 1.1.
• Your app must trust these headers ONLY when nginx is the edge. Behind a load balancer/CDN, validate the real client IP via set_real_ip_from + real_ip_header.

Worked decision: should I cache this?

| Condition | Cache? | |-----------|--------| | Response is GET/HEAD, no Set-Cookie, no Authorization | Yes | | Upstream sends Cache-Control: private/no-store | No (respect it) | | Per-user/personalized HTML | No, or vary by a cache key that includes the session | | Static assets (js/css/img with hashed names) | Yes, long expires, immutable | | API JSON that changes every request | No |

When caching, always add a X-Cache-Status $upstream_cache_status header so you can confirm HIT/MISS/BYPASS. See references/caching-and-compression.md.

Rate limiting quick reference

Define zones in http {}, apply in server/location:

nginx
# http {} context
limit_req_zone  $binary_remote_addr zone=req_per_ip:10m rate=10r/s;
limit_conn_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=conn_per_ip:10m;

# location {} context
limit_req  zone=req_per_ip burst=20 nodelay;
limit_conn conn_per_ip 20;
limit_req_status 429;

• burst absorbs short spikes; nodelay serves the burst immediately instead of queuing.
• $binary_remote_addr is compact (16 bytes/IPv6); a 10m zone holds ~160k unique IPs.
• For login endpoints use a tighter zone (e.g. rate=5r/m) to slow credential stuffing.
• Behind a CDN, key on the real client IP (after real_ip), not the CDN edge IP.

Security headers bundle

Apply at server scope (see references/tls-hardening.md for full rationale and CSP guidance):

nginx
add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=63072000; includeSubDomains; preload" always;
add_header X-Content-Type-Options    "nosniff" always;
add_header X-Frame-Options           "SAMEORIGIN" always;
add_header Referrer-Policy           "strict-origin-when-cross-origin" always;
add_header Content-Security-Policy    "default-src 'self'" always;
server_tokens off;

The always flag is mandatory — without it headers are dropped on 4xx/5xx responses.

Best Practices

• One server block per concern. Keep a dedicated port-80 redirect block separate from the TLS block.
• Always server_tokens off; to hide the nginx version.
• Use snippets/includes for proxy.conf, ssl.conf, and security-headers.conf so every site stays consistent.
• Pin ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3; and a modern cipher list; disable TLS 1.0/1.1.
• Test before reload: nginx -t && nginx -s reload. Never reload a config that fails the test.
• Set explicit timeouts. Defaults (60s read) can hang clients on a slow upstream.
• Define a default server_name _; block that returns 444 to drop requests for unknown hosts.
• Log to structured/JSON format when shipping to a log pipeline (see template).
• Reload, don't restart, for config changes — reload is zero-downtime.

Common Pitfalls

• Missing Connection "" + keepalive mismatch → upstream connections not reused, or 502 storms. Pair proxy_http_version 1.1, Connection "", and upstream { keepalive }.
• add_header without always → security headers silently disappear on errors.
• add_header inheritance trap → defining ANY add_header in a location discards ALL add_header from the parent server. Re-include the full bundle or use a snippet in every location that needs it.
• proxy_pass trailing-slash semantics → proxy_pass http://up/; (with slash) strips the matched location prefix; without the slash it passes the full URI. Mixing these breaks routing.
• HSTS too early / preload before submission → can lock users out of HTTP for max-age. Start with a small max-age, drop preload until you have submitted to hstspreload.org.
• 502 Bad Gateway → upstream down, wrong port, or SELinux blocking the connection (setsebool -P httpd_can_network_connect 1). See references/troubleshooting.md.
• 504 Gateway Timeout → slow upstream; raise proxy_read_timeout and fix the app, don't just mask it.
• 413 Request Entity Too Large → raise client_max_body_size (default 1m) for uploads.
• Caching authenticated responses → leaks one user's data to another. Add proxy_cache_bypass/proxy_no_cache for cookies/Authorization.
• Worker/file-descriptor limits → high-traffic sites need worker_connections and worker_rlimit_nofile raised together.

Bundled files

• templates/reverse-proxy.conf.tmpl — complete, fill-in server config with TLS, caching, rate limiting, gzip, websockets, and security headers.
• references/tls-hardening.md — cipher suites, protocols, OCSP stapling, HSTS, CSP, Let's Encrypt/certbot, real-IP behind CDN.
• references/caching-and-compression.md — proxy_cache zones, cache keys, bypass rules, gzip/brotli tuning, static asset strategy.
• references/troubleshooting.md — 502/504/413/444 diagnosis, header debugging, validation commands.
• scripts/nginx_check.sh — stdlib (bash/grep) linter for the most common nginx config mistakes.
• examples/node-app-proxy.md — worked example: proxying a Node app on :3000 to https://app.example.com.