LangChain LangGraph Agents (Python)

Overview

Two failure modes hit every team writing their first LangGraph 1.0 ReAct agent:

Loop-to-cap on vague prompts (P10). create_react_agent defaults to recursion_limit=25. A prompt like "help me with my account" never converges — the model calls a retrieval tool, gets irrelevant results, calls another tool, and repeats until GraphRecursionError: Recursion limit of 25 reached without hitting a stop condition fires. Cost dashboards show the damage after the fact: $5-$15 per runaway loop on Sonnet with a 3-tool agent, assuming no tool is itself expensive.

Silent tool errors on legacy AgentExecutor (P09). The legacy executor defaults handle_parsing_errors=True and catches tool exceptions, feeding the error string back as the next observation. When the error serializes to empty (e.g., a ValueError("") or an HTTP 500 with no body), the loop continues with no signal. The agent says "I couldn't find the answer" — which was actually a silent crash three tool calls ago.

This skill walks through defining typed tools with @tool + Pydantic; building an agent with create_react_agent(model, tools, checkpointer=MemorySaver()); invoking with {"messages": [...]} and a thread-scoped config; setting recursion_limit per expected agent depth (5-10 interactive, 20-30 planner); adding middleware for a per-session token budget; and raise-by-default error propagation. Pin: langgraph >= 1.0, < 2.0, langchain-core >= 1.0, < 2.0. Pain-catalog anchors: P09, P10, P11, P32, P41, P42, P63.

Prerequisites

• Python 3.10+
• langgraph >= 1.0, < 2.0 and langchain-core >= 1.0, < 2.0
• At least one provider package: pip install langchain-anthropic or langchain-openai
• Completed skill: langchain-langgraph-basics (L25) — you already know StateGraph,

MessagesState, and checkpointers

• Provider API key: ANTHROPIC_API_KEY or OPENAI_API_KEY

Instructions

Step 1 — Define tools with typed schemas and short docstrings

python
from typing import Annotated
from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
from langchain_core.tools import tool

class LookupAccountArgs(BaseModel):
    account_id: str = Field(..., description="Account UUID. No email addresses.")

@tool("lookup_account", args_schema=LookupAccountArgs)
def lookup_account(account_id: str) -> dict:
    """Fetch an account record by UUID. Returns status, plan, and owner email."""
    if not account_id:
        raise ValueError("account_id is required")  # raised → agent sees real error
    return {"id": account_id, "status": "active", "plan": "pro", "owner": "a@b.co"}

Two rules that catch teams off-guard:

1. Docstring is the tool description the provider sees. Keep it under

1024 chars (P11). Anthropic truncates at ~1024; OpenAI's effective cap is softer but still bites on tool descriptions over ~2KB. Long docstrings with examples should move into a system prompt, not the tool description.

1. Raise real exceptions. Unlike the legacy AgentExecutor, LangGraph's

create_react_agent does not silently swallow tool errors — the exception propagates and surfaces in your observability layer. See Step 6.

For async tools, use @tool on an async def — LangGraph invokes it via await. For structured return types, annotate the return with a Pydantic model.

See Tool Definition Patterns for the @tool vs tool() decision, async tools, and the args_schema vs auto-inferred trade-off.

Step 2 — Build the agent with create_react_agent

python
from langgraph.prebuilt import create_react_agent
from langgraph.checkpoint.memory import MemorySaver
from langchain_anthropic import ChatAnthropic

model = ChatAnthropic(
    model="claude-sonnet-4-6",
    temperature=0,
    timeout=30,
    max_retries=2,
)

agent = create_react_agent(
    model=model,
    tools=[lookup_account],
    checkpointer=MemorySaver(),  # required for stateful invocations
)

create_react_agent is the LangGraph 1.0 replacement for the removed initialize_agent factory (P41). Under the hood it builds a StateGraph with a model node and a ToolNode, plus a conditional edge that routes to END when the model emits no tool calls. The checkpointer persists state per-thread — required for multi-turn conversations and for resuming after interruption.

Step 3 — Invoke with a thread-scoped config

python
config = {"configurable": {"thread_id": "user-42"}}
result = agent.invoke(
    {"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "look up account uuid-abc"}]},
    config=config,
)
print(result["messages"][-1].content)

Key contracts:

• Input is {"messages": [...]} — a list of message dicts or LangChain

HumanMessage / SystemMessage objects. You append to this list across turns.

• thread_id scopes the checkpointer. Reusing it resumes the conversation.
• Output is the full updated state. result["messages"] is the complete

message list; the final assistant message is at index -1.

Step 4 — Set recursion_limit to your expected agent depth

create_react_agent defaults to recursion_limit=25. In LangGraph one "recursion step" is one node visit, and each tool round-trip is two visits (model node + tool node), so 25 means ~12 tool calls. For most workloads this is too generous and hides bugs:

| Agent kind | Suggested recursion_limit | Rationale | |---|---|---| | Interactive chat with 1-3 tools | 5-10 | One tool call + one final answer is 3 visits. Cap low to expose loops. | | Task-completion (e.g., booking flow) | 10-15 | 3-5 tool calls + final answer. | | Planner / research agent | 20-30 | Expect multiple retrieval + synthesis rounds. | | Multi-agent supervisor | 40+ | Coordinator + worker rounds. Budget tokens separately. |

Apply it on invocation, not at construction time:

python
result = agent.invoke(
    {"messages": [...]},
    config={"configurable": {"thread_id": "user-42"}, "recursion_limit": 10},
)

When the limit fires, LangGraph raises GraphRecursionError — catch it and surface a user-facing message; do not retry without a cost guard.

Step 5 — Add a per-session token budget via middleware

recursion_limit alone does not bound cost. A single tool call that returns a large document and triggers a long model response can cost more than 10 cheap tool calls. Cap tokens explicitly:

python
from langchain_core.callbacks import BaseCallbackHandler

class TokenBudget(BaseCallbackHandler):
    def __init__(self, max_tokens: int = 50_000):
        self.used = 0
        self.max = max_tokens

    def on_llm_end(self, response, **kwargs):
        usage = getattr(response, "llm_output", {}).get("token_usage", {}) or {}
        self.used += usage.get("total_tokens", 0)
        if self.used > self.max:
            raise RuntimeError(f"Token budget exceeded: {self.used}/{self.max}")

budget = TokenBudget(max_tokens=50_000)
result = agent.invoke(
    {"messages": [...]},
    config={
        "configurable": {"thread_id": "user-42"},
        "recursion_limit": 10,
        "callbacks": [budget],
    },
)

A per-session budget of 50K tokens on Sonnet is roughly $0.25 — a safe cap for interactive agents. For background planners raise to 200K-500K. See Loop Caps and Budgets for a repeated-tool-call early-stop node and a middleware pattern that terminates on the N-th identical call.

Step 6 — Propagate tool errors; do not silently swallow

LangGraph's default is to raise. Legacy AgentExecutor(handle_parsing_errors=True) swallowed everything. The new defaults are safer but different:

python
# Tool raises → the exception propagates out of agent.invoke()
try:
    result = agent.invoke({"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "..."}]}, config=config)
except ValueError as e:
    # Your tool's own ValueError — log + user-facing message
    ...

When you want tolerant behavior (e.g., the tool is a flaky third-party API and you want the model to try a different approach), wrap the tool itself:

python
from langchain_core.tools import tool

@tool
def search_kb(query: str) -> str:
    """Search the internal knowledge base. Returns hits or a 'no results' string."""
    try:
        return _real_search(query)
    except HTTPError as e:
        return f"search_kb unavailable: {e.response.status_code}. Try a different query."

The key insight: the tool decides to degrade gracefully by returning a string the model can reason about. The agent never silently drops an error. See Error Propagation for a custom error-handler node that routes tool failures to a fallback tool.

Step 7 — Choose create_react_agent vs custom StateGraph vs legacy

| Decision | Use | Why | |---|---|---| | Single agent, tool-calling loop | create_react_agent | Correct defaults, provider-native tool calling, smallest code surface | | Multi-stage pipeline (plan → execute → review) | Custom StateGraph | You need named nodes, explicit conditional edges, typed state | | Multi-agent supervisor | create_supervisor + workers built with create_react_agent | Built-in routing, per-worker checkpointing | | New code in 2026+ | Never use AgentExecutor or initialize_agent | Removed / deprecated in 1.0 (P41); shape changes in intermediate_steps (P42) |

For a single forced-tool single-shot (e.g., "always classify into one of these buckets"), skip agents entirely: use model.bind_tools([Schema], tool_choice={"type": "tool", "name": "Schema"}). But never loop a forced tool_choice (P63) — the model cannot emit stop_reason="end_turn" under forced tool_choice, so the agent never terminates.

Output

• Agent built with create_react_agent(model, tools, checkpointer=MemorySaver())
• Tools defined with @tool + Pydantic args_schema, docstrings under 1024 chars
• Invocations pass {"configurable": {"thread_id": ...}, "recursion_limit": N}
• TokenBudget callback enforces per-session cost ceiling
• Tool errors raise and surface in observability; graceful-degrade patterns are

explicit (return-a-string, not silent-swallow)

• Decision table resolved: create_react_agent vs custom StateGraph vs

supervisor vs legacy

Error Handling

| Error | Cause | Fix | |-------|-------|-----| | GraphRecursionError: Recursion limit of 25 reached without hitting a stop condition | Vague prompt never converges; default cap too high (P10) | Lower recursion_limit to 5-10 interactive; add repeated-tool-call early-stop node | | ImportError: cannot import name 'initialize_agent' from 'langchain.agents' | Legacy 0.2 agent factory removed (P41) | from langgraph.prebuilt import create_react_agent | | AttributeError: 'ToolCall' object has no attribute 'tool' | Old code accessing step.tool on new intermediate step shape (P42) | Use step.tool_name (or step["name"] on dict form); check isinstance(step, ToolCall) | | Agent says "couldn't find answer" but tool actually raised | Legacy AgentExecutor handle_parsing_errors=True silently swallowed exception (P09) | Migrate to create_react_agent; errors raise by default | | Agent loops when tool_choice={"type": "tool", "name": "X"} is set | Forced tool_choice blocks stop_reason="end_turn" (P63) | Use tool_choice="auto" for agent loops; reserve forced choice for one-shot calls | | Agent hallucinates a tool name like exec that is not in tools=[...] | Older free-text ReAct parser accepts any string (P32) | Use create_react_agent — it relies on provider-native tool calling; the allowlist is wire-enforced | | RuntimeError: Token budget exceeded | Your TokenBudget callback fired | Working as intended; raise the cap or shorten the agent's scope | | Tool description truncated, model calls with wrong args | Docstring exceeded 1024-char cap (P11) | Shorten docstring; move examples into system prompt |

Examples

Migrating a legacy AgentExecutor agent

Before (LangChain 0.2):

python
from langchain.agents import initialize_agent, AgentType
agent = initialize_agent(
    tools, llm, agent=AgentType.OPENAI_FUNCTIONS,
    handle_parsing_errors=True, return_intermediate_steps=True,
)
result = agent.invoke({"input": "..."})
for action, observation in result["intermediate_steps"]:
    print(action.tool, observation)  # .tool attribute

After (LangGraph 1.0):

python
from langgraph.prebuilt import create_react_agent
from langgraph.checkpoint.memory import MemorySaver
agent = create_react_agent(llm, tools, checkpointer=MemorySaver())
result = agent.invoke(
    {"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "..."}]},
    config={"configurable": {"thread_id": "t1"}, "recursion_limit": 10},
)
# intermediate steps are now ToolMessage entries in the messages list
for m in result["messages"]:
    if m.type == "tool":
        print(m.name, m.content)  # .name, not .tool

See AgentExecutor Migration for the full before/after including handle_parsing_errors, return_intermediate_steps, and max_iterations translations.

Interactive agent with a strict cost cap

A customer-support agent with two tools, 10-step recursion cap, and a 30K token budget. See Loop Caps and Budgets for the full example with a repeated-tool-call early-stop node.

Resources

• LangGraph: Agents overview
• create_react_agent reference
• LangGraph: Recursion limits
• LangGraph: Tool calling
• LangChain: @tool decorator
• LangChain 1.0 release notes
• Pack pain catalog: docs/pain-catalog.md (entries P09, P10, P11, P32, P41, P42, P63)