AWGN & SNR Management

Add white Gaussian noise to signals and convert between SNR definitions (SNR, Eb/No, Es/No, per-subcarrier SNR) for communications system simulations.

When to Use

• Adding noise to a signal in a link simulation
• Converting between Eb/No, Es/No, SNR, or per-subcarrier SNR
• Setting up the correct SNR for a coded, oversampled, or OFDM system
• Obtaining noise variance to pass to a soft-decision demodulator

When NOT to Use

• Configuring fading channels (delay profile, Doppler, antenna arrays)

Must-Follow Rules

1. NEVER pass 'measured' to awgn — Always pass explicit signal power as the third argument. For unit-power signals use 0; otherwise compute power with mean(abs(x).^2) and convert to dBW: 10*log10(sigPow). The 'measured' option computes instantaneous power internally, which gives incorrect noise levels after fading channels and obscures the power assumption. Even in AWGN-only scenarios, explicit power is required for correctness and clarity.
2. Use UnitAveragePower=true when signal power doesn't matter — This is the simplest path: signal power = 0 dBW, so awgn(x, snr, 0) is exact. If the user needs original constellation scaling (e.g., PA modeling, hardware-in-the-loop), do NOT use UnitAveragePower=true — use the default modulator, compute the actual average power with mean(abs(x).^2), and pass it explicitly: awgn(x, snr, sigPowdBW).
3. Use convertSNR for all conversions — NEVER compute SNR/Eb/No/Es/No formulas manually — Even when the formula is simple, always use convertSNR. Manual formulas are error-prone for edge cases (oversampling, subcarrier loading) and bypass the toolbox's validated implementation. Anti-pattern: snr = ebno + 10*log10(bitsPerSymbol * codeRate). Correct: convertSNR(ebno, "ebno", "snr", BitsPerSymbol=6, CodingRate=3/4).
4. Distinguish wideband SNR and per-subcarrier SNR in OFDM systems — Eb/No is a per-subcarrier quantity. To go from Eb/No to the wideband SNR that awgn needs, use two steps: (1) convertSNR(ebno, "ebno", "snr", BitsPerSymbol=..., CodingRate=...) gives the SNR per subcarrier, (2) convertSNR(snrsc, "snrsc", "snr", FFTLength=..., NumActiveSubcarriers=...) gives the wideband SNR for awgn. Direct ebno→snrsc is not supported and throws an error. Caveat: If the user asks for per-subcarrier SNR only, step 1 alone is the complete answer — do NOT apply step 2. Applying the FFTLength/NumActiveSubcarriers correction to a per-subcarrier value gives the wideband SNR, which is a different (lower) quantity. Note: The "snrsc" mode requires R2023b or later. For R2022a–R2023a, compute wideband SNR manually: snr_wideband = snr_per_sc - 10*log10(FFTLength/NumActiveSubcarriers).
5. Capture noise variance for soft demodulation — Use [y, nVar] = awgn(...) and pass nVar to the demodulator via NoiseVariance=nVar.

Critical Anti-Patterns — NEVER Do These

NEVER use 'measured' with awgn

matlab
% WRONG — never generate this
rxSignal = awgn(txSignal, snrdB, 'measured');

% CORRECT for unit-power signals (UnitAveragePower=true)
rxSignal = awgn(txSignal, snrdB, 0);

% CORRECT for non-unit-power signals
sigPow = mean(abs(txSignal).^2);
rxSignal = awgn(txSignal, snrdB, 10*log10(sigPow));

NEVER compute SNR conversions manually

matlab
% WRONG — never generate manual formulas like these
SNR_dB = EbNo_dB + 10*log10(k * codeRate);
SNR_dB = EbNo_dB + 10*log10(k * codeRate) - 10*log10(oversamplingFactor);
EsNo = EbNo + 10*log10(bitsPerSymbol);

% CORRECT — always use convertSNR
snrDb = convertSNR(ebnoDb, "ebno", "snr", BitsPerSymbol=6, CodingRate=3/4);
snrDb = convertSNR(ebnoDb, "ebno", "snr", BitsPerSymbol=6, CodingRate=3/4, SamplesPerSymbol=4);
esnoDb = convertSNR(ebnoDb, "ebno", "esno", BitsPerSymbol=6);

Key Functions

| Function | Purpose | |---|---| | awgn | Add AWGN to a signal at a specified SNR | | convertSNR | Convert between ebno, esno, snr, and snrsc | | berawgn | Theoretical BER over AWGN for standard modulations (PSK, QAM, FSK, DPSK, PAM) |

Gotchas

Why 'measured' is banned (background)

Thermal noise in a receiver is dominated by the noise figure and bandwidth — it does not change when the signal fades. The 'measured' option in awgn computes instantaneous signal power and scales noise to match, which artificially keeps the instantaneous SNR constant through fades. It also hides the power assumption, making code harder to verify. Always pass explicit power instead.

matlab
% WRONG after fading: Noise tracks fading — instantaneous SNR stays constant
rxFaded = fadingChannel(txSig);
rxNoisy = awgn(rxFaded, snr, 'measured');

% CORRECT: Compute signal power before fading, pass explicitly
sigPow = mean(abs(txSig).^2);
sigPowdBW = 10*log10(sigPow);
rxFaded = fadingChannel(txSig);
rxNoisy = awgn(rxFaded, snr, sigPowdBW);

% SIMPLEST: Use unit-power signal, then 0 dBW is exact
txSig = qammod(data, M, UnitAveragePower=true);  % power = 0 dBW
rxFaded = fadingChannel(txSig);
rxNoisy = awgn(rxFaded, snr, 0);

awgn default assumes 0 dBW signal power

Calling awgn(x, snr) without a third argument assumes the signal has 0 dBW (1W) average power. This is only correct if the signal actually has unit average power. For non-normalized signals, compute the actual power and pass it explicitly.

ebno↔snrsc conversion is not supported

convertSNR supports these paths:

| From | To | Supported | Notes | |---|---|---|---| | ebno | snr | Yes | For OFDM: gives SNR per subcarrier (not wideband) | | ebno | esno | Yes | | | esno | snr | Yes | | | snr | snrsc | Yes | "snr" = wideband SNR, "snrsc" = per-subcarrier | | ebno | snrsc | No | Throws error. Use two-step: ebno→"snr" then "snrsc"→"snr" | | esno | snrsc | No | Throws error. Same two-step path required | | snrsc | ebno | No | Use two-step: "snrsc"→"snr" then "snr"→"ebno" | | snrsc | esno | No | Use two-step: "snrsc"→"snr" then "snr"→"esno" |

Fading channel path gain normalization

The awgn(rxFaded, snr, 0) pattern assumes the fading channel preserves average signal power. This is true when NormalizePathGains=true (the default for comm.RayleighChannel and comm.RicianChannel). If NormalizePathGains is false, the channel applies its actual path gains and the average received power shifts — you must account for this in the power argument to awgn.

matlab
% NormalizePathGains=true (default): pre-fading power is correct
chan = comm.RayleighChannel(NormalizePathGains=true, ...);
rxFaded = chan(txSig);
rxNoisy = awgn(rxFaded, snr, 0);  % 0 dBW is still correct

% NormalizePathGains=false: adjust for average path gain
chan = comm.RayleighChannel(NormalizePathGains=false, ...
    AveragePathGains=[0 -3 -6], ...);
avgGaindB = 10*log10(sum(10.^(chan.AveragePathGains/10)));
rxFaded = chan(txSig);
rxNoisy = awgn(rxFaded, snr, avgGaindB);  % account for channel gain

Noise variance is total, not per-component

The second output of awgn is the total noise variance. For complex signals, the per-component (I or Q) variance is half this value:

matlab
[y, nVar] = awgn(x, snr, 0);
% nVar = total noise variance
% nVar/2 = per-component (I or Q) variance

berawgn takes Eb/No, not SNR

If you have SNR, convert to Eb/No first:

matlab
ebno = convertSNR(snr, "snr", "ebno", BitsPerSymbol=log2(M));
ber = berawgn(ebno, 'qam', M);

Patterns

Add AWGN to a unit-power signal

matlab
M = 16;
data = randi([0 M-1], 1000, 1);
txSig = qammod(data, M, UnitAveragePower=true);

snrdB = 15;
[rxSig, noiseVar] = awgn(txSig, snrdB, 0);

Convert Eb/No to SNR for a coded system

matlab
M = 64;                          % 64-QAM
bitsPerSymbol = log2(M);         % 6
codeRate = 3/4;                  % LDPC code rate
samplesPerSymbol = 4;            % Pulse shaping oversampling

ebnoDb = 10;
snrDb = convertSNR(ebnoDb, "ebno", "snr", ...
    BitsPerSymbol=bitsPerSymbol, ...
    CodingRate=codeRate, ...
    SamplesPerSymbol=samplesPerSymbol);

OFDM conversion: Eb/No → per-subcarrier SNR → wideband SNR

In the OFDM context, convertSNR(ebno, "ebno", "snr") returns the SNR per subcarrier (not wideband SNR). To get the wideband SNR needed by awgn, convert from "snrsc" to "snr".

matlab
M = 64;
bitsPerSymbol = log2(M);
codeRate = 3/4;
fftLen = 256;
numActiveSC = 200;

ebnoDb = 10;

% Step 1: Eb/No → per-subcarrier SNR
snrscDb = convertSNR(ebnoDb, "ebno", "snr", ...
    BitsPerSymbol=bitsPerSymbol, ...
    CodingRate=codeRate);

% Step 2: Per-subcarrier SNR → wideband SNR (for awgn)
snrWbDb = convertSNR(snrscDb, "snrsc", "snr", ...
    FFTLength=fftLen, ...
    NumActiveSubcarriers=numActiveSC);

Capture noise variance for soft-decision demodulation

matlab
M = 16;
data = randi([0 M-1], 1000, 1);
txSig = qammod(data, M, UnitAveragePower=true);

snrDb = 12;
[rxSig, noiseVar] = awgn(txSig, snrDb, 0);

% Pass noise variance to demodulator for accurate LLR computation
softBits = qamdemod(rxSig, M, UnitAveragePower=true, ...
    OutputType="llr", ...
    NoiseVariance=noiseVar);

After Adding Noise

• Validate against theory — Compare simulated BER to theoretical BER using berawgn. See references/snr-conversion-guide.md.
• Estimate required Eb/No — If the user asks for the Eb/No or SNR needed to achieve a target BER/BLER/FER, refer to the "Estimate required Eb/No" section in references/snr-conversion-guide.md.
• Visualize the noisy signal — Use scatterplot or comm.ConstellationDiagram to inspect the received constellation.
• Measure EVM — Use comm.EVM to quantify signal degradation from noise.

References

| Load when... | Reference | |---|---| | Need theoretical BER curves, conversion formulas, berawgn usage, or common system examples | references/snr-conversion-guide.md |

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