Motion Foundations

The base layer of the motion system. Defines every value, constraint, and rule that downstream skills (motion-patterns, motion-advanced) inherit. Load this skill before any animation work begins.

When to Activate

• Starting any animated component from scratch
• Setting up tokens, spring presets, or easing values
• Implementing prefers-reduced-motion support
• Debugging hydration mismatches from animation initial states
• Evaluating whether an animation should exist at all

Outputs

This skill produces:

• A shared motionTokens object (duration, easing, distance, scale)
• A shared springs preset map (5 named configs)
• A shouldAnimate() gate used by all components
• Accessibility-compliant animation defaults via useReducedMotion
• SSR-safe initial states with zero hydration warnings

Principles

Motion must do at least one of the following or it must be removed:

• Guide attention
• Communicate state
• Preserve spatial continuity

Responsiveness always outranks smoothness. A 60 fps animation that causes input delay is worse than no animation.

Rules

These are non-negotiable. They apply to every component in the system.

1. Use motion/react only. Never import from framer-motion. Never mix the two in the same tree.
2. initial must match server output. If the server renders opacity: 1, the initial prop must also be opacity: 1. No exceptions.
3. Reduced motion overrides everything. When useReducedMotion() returns true or prefersReduced is true, all transforms are disabled. Opacity-only fades at ≤ 0.2s are the only permitted fallback.
4. Never animate layout properties. width, height, top, left, margin, padding are banned from animate. Use transform and opacity only.
5. All token values come from motionTokens. Hardcoded durations and easings in component files are forbidden.
6. All spring configs come from the springs map. Inline stiffness/damping values are forbidden.
7. "use client" is required on every file that imports from motion/react.
8. Never read window or navigator at module level. Always guard with typeof window !== "undefined".

Decision Guidance

Choosing a duration

| Token | Use when | | --------- | -------------------------------------------- | | instant | Tooltip show/hide, focus ring, badge update | | fast | Button feedback, icon swap, chip toggle | | normal | Modal open, card expand, page element enter | | slow | Hero entrance, full-page transition | | crawl | Deliberate storytelling; use sparingly |

Choosing a spring

| Preset | Use when | | --------- | ------------------------------------------ | | snappy | Default UI — buttons, chips, nav items | | gentle | Cards, modals, panels landing softly | | bouncy | Playful moments — empty states, onboarding | | instant | Tooltips, popovers, dropdowns | | release | Drag release — natural physics feel |

When to disable animation entirely

Disable (make shouldAnimate() return false) when:

• prefersReduced is true
• isLowEnd is true and the animation is non-essential
• The element is off-screen and will never enter the viewport
• The animation is purely decorative with no UX purpose

Core Concepts

Token system

ts
// lib/motion-tokens.ts
export const motionTokens = {
  duration: {
    instant: 0.08,
    fast:    0.18,
    normal:  0.35,
    slow:    0.6,
    crawl:   1.0,
  },
  easing: {
    smooth: [0.22, 1, 0.36, 1],
    sharp:  [0.4, 0, 0.2, 1],
    bounce: [0.34, 1.56, 0.64, 1],
    linear: [0, 0, 1, 1],
  },
  distance: {
    xs: 4,
    sm: 8,
    md: 16,
    lg: 24,
    xl: 48,
  },
  scale: {
    subtle: 0.98,
    press:  0.95,
    pop:    1.04,
  },
}

export const springs = {
  snappy:  { type: "spring", stiffness: 300, damping: 30 },
  gentle:  { type: "spring", stiffness: 120, damping: 14 },
  bouncy:  { type: "spring", stiffness: 400, damping: 10 },
  instant: { type: "spring", stiffness: 600, damping: 35 },
  release: { type: "spring", stiffness: 200, damping: 20, restDelta: 0.001 },
}

Runtime flags

ts
// lib/motion-config.ts
export const motionConfig = {
  isLowEnd() {
    return (
      typeof navigator !== "undefined" &&
      navigator.hardwareConcurrency <= 4
    )
  },

  prefersReduced() {
    return (
      typeof window !== "undefined" &&
      window.matchMedia("(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)").matches
    )
  },

  shouldAnimate({ essential = false } = {}) {
    if (this.prefersReduced()) return false
    if (!essential && this.isLowEnd()) return false
    return true
  },

  duration() {
    return this.isLowEnd() || this.prefersReduced()
      ? motionTokens.duration.instant
      : motionTokens.duration.normal
  },
}

Accessibility

Priority order (highest to lowest):

1. prefers-reduced-motion: reduce — disables all transforms, limits opacity transitions to ≤ 0.2s
2. Low-end device detection — reduces duration, removes non-essential animations
3. Design preference — everything else

Motion must degrade gracefully. It must never disappear abruptly in a way that causes layout shift or confuses orientation.

tsx
// hooks/use-reduced-motion.tsx
"use client"
import { useReducedMotion } from "motion/react"

export function useSafeMotion(fullY: number = 16) {
  const reduce = useReducedMotion()
  return {
    initial: { opacity: 0, y: reduce ? 0 : fullY },
    animate: { opacity: 1, y: 0 },
    exit:    { opacity: 0, y: reduce ? 0 : -fullY },
  }
}

css
/* globals.css */
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  .motion-safe-transition  { transition: opacity 0.15s; }
  .motion-reduce-transform { transform: none !important; }
}

html
<!-- Tailwind -->
<div class="motion-safe:animate-fade motion-reduce:opacity-100"></div>

SSR / hydration safety

Rule: initial must always match what the server renders.

tsx
// WRONG — server renders opacity:1 but initial says 0 → hydration mismatch
<motion.div initial={{ opacity: 0 }} animate={{ opacity: 1 }} />

// CORRECT — use AnimatePresence or defer to client mount
"use client"
const [mounted, setMounted] = useState(false)
useEffect(() => setMounted(true), [])

<motion.div
  initial={{ opacity: mounted ? 0 : 1 }}
  animate={{ opacity: 1 }}
/>

Code Examples

End-to-end: tokens + springs + accessibility + SSR guard

tsx
// components/fade-in-card.tsx
"use client"

import { useState, useEffect } from "react"
import { motion } from "motion/react"
import { motionTokens, springs } from "@/lib/motion-tokens"
import { useSafeMotion } from "@/hooks/use-reduced-motion"
import { motionConfig } from "@/lib/motion-config"

interface FadeInCardProps {
  children: React.ReactNode
  delay?: number
}

export function FadeInCard({ children, delay = 0 }: FadeInCardProps) {
  // SSR guard — initial must match server output (opacity: 1)
  const [mounted, setMounted] = useState(false)
  useEffect(() => setMounted(true), [])

  // Accessibility — disables transform when reduced motion is preferred
  const safeMotion = useSafeMotion(motionTokens.distance.md)

  // Device gate — skip animation on low-end hardware
  if (!motionConfig.shouldAnimate() || !mounted) {
    return <div>{children}</div>
  }

  return (
    <motion.div
      initial={safeMotion.initial}
      animate={safeMotion.animate}
      exit={safeMotion.exit}
      transition={{
        ...springs.gentle,
        delay,
      }}
      whileHover={{ scale: motionTokens.scale.pop }}
      whileTap={{ scale: motionTokens.scale.press }}
    >
      {children}
    </motion.div>
  )
}

Constraints / Non-Goals

This skill does not cover:

• UI component patterns (button, modal, stagger) → see motion-patterns
• Drag, gestures, SVG, text animations, custom hooks → see motion-advanced
• CSS-only animations or Tailwind animate-* classes without motion/react
• Third-party animation libraries (GSAP, anime.js, etc.)
• Motion design decisions (when to animate, what to emphasize) — that is a design concern, not a code constraint

Anti-Patterns

| Anti-pattern | Rule violated | Fix | | --------------------------------------- | ------- | ------------------------------- | | import { motion } from "framer-motion" | Rule 1 | Use motion/react | | initial={{ opacity: 0 }} on SSR component | Rule 2 | Add mount guard | | Skipping useReducedMotion check | Rule 3 | Use useSafeMotion hook | | animate={{ width: "100%" }} | Rule 4 | Use scaleX transform instead | | transition={{ duration: 0.4 }} inline | Rule 5 | Use motionTokens.duration.normal | | { stiffness: 300, damping: 30 } inline | Rule 6 | Use springs.snappy | | Missing "use client" directive | Rule 7 | Add to top of file | | navigator.hardwareConcurrency at module level | Rule 8 | Wrap in typeof navigator !== "undefined" |

Related Skills

• motion-patterns — consumes tokens and springs defined here to build button, modal, stagger, page transition, and scroll patterns. Does not redefine any values.
• motion-advanced — consumes tokens and springs defined here for drag, SVG, text, and gesture patterns. Adds useAnimate sequences and custom hooks on top of this foundation.