Distributed Training in NeMo AutoModel

Purpose

NeMo AutoModel uses PyTorch-native distributed training. All parallelism is orchestrated through a single MeshContext object that holds device meshes, strategy configs, and axis names. <!-- NVSkills catalog signing requested after PR #2937 (2026-07-31). -->

Instructions

For conceptual distributed-training questions, answer directly from the quick patterns in this skill without inspecting the repository. Start with the strategy choice, then list only the YAML fields and constraints relevant to the question.

Use direct action verbs in the final answer: recommend the strategy, show the minimal YAML, state the sizing constraint, and name the unsupported strategies. Do not discuss model onboarding, recipes, Slurm, SkyPilot, or checkpointing unless the user asks.

Examples

TP plus PP for a large multi-node model

Recommend strategy: fsdp2. Mention tp_size, pp_size, cp_size, ep_size, and the pipeline sub-config. State that dp_size is inferred from world_size / (tp_size * pp_size * cp_size).

yaml
distributed:
  strategy: fsdp2
  tp_size: 8
  pp_size: 4
  cp_size: 1
  ep_size: 1
  pipeline:
    pp_schedule: interleaved1f1b
    pp_microbatch_size: 1

MoE expert parallelism

Recommend strategy: fsdp2 with ep_size > 1. Say this creates a separate moe_mesh; include the moe sub-config when relevant; state that ep_size must divide dp_size * cp_size. Do not recommend megatron_fsdp or ddp.

yaml
distributed:
  strategy: fsdp2
  ep_size: 8
  moe:
    reshard_after_forward: false

MegatronFSDP limitations

Say no for pipeline parallelism, expert parallelism, and sequence_parallel. Recommend fsdp2 for PP, EP, or sequence_parallel; mention that DDP is only simple data parallelism.

Strategy Selection

Three strategies are available, selected via the distributed.strategy YAML key:

| Strategy | YAML value | Best for | |---|---|---| | FSDP2 | fsdp2 | General use, recommended default. Supports TP, PP, CP, EP, HSDP. | | MegatronFSDP | megatron_fsdp | NVIDIA Megatron-style FSDP. No PP, no EP, no sequence_parallel. | | DDP | ddp | Simple data parallelism only. No TP, PP, CP, or EP. |

Decision tree:

• Single GPU: no distributed config needed (FSDP2Manager skips parallelization when world_size=1).
• Multi-GPU single node: fsdp2 (default). Use ddp only if you need the simplest possible setup.
• Multi-node: fsdp2 with appropriate TP/PP sizing.
• MoE models with expert parallelism: fsdp2 with ep_size > 1 (creates a separate moe_mesh).
• Large models (70B+): fsdp2 with PP + TP.
• Long sequences (8K+): add CP (cp_size > 1).

When answering strategy-selection questions, state the chosen distributed.strategy first, then enumerate the YAML fields the user must set.

Quick TP + PP answer:

• Use strategy: fsdp2; do not use megatron_fsdp when pipeline parallelism is required.
• Set tp_size for tensor parallelism and pp_size for pipeline parallelism.
• Add a pipeline: sub-config with pp_schedule and pp_microbatch_size.
• Leave dp_size unset or none; it is inferred as world_size / (tp_size * pp_size * cp_size).
• Keep TP inside a fast intra-node domain when possible, and use PP across model depth for 70B+ models.

Quick MoE expert-parallel answer:

• Start with strategy: fsdp2 and ep_size > 1.
• Include a moe: sub-config only when ep_size > 1; it maps to MoEParallelizerConfig.
• Expect a separate moe_mesh for expert parallelism in addition to the main device_mesh.
• Do not recommend megatron_fsdp or ddp for expert parallelism; megatron_fsdp has no EP support.
• Before finishing an MoE EP answer, explicitly state that ep_size must divide dp_size * cp_size and that megatron_fsdp does not support EP, PP, or sequence_parallel.

YAML Config Structure

The distributed section in the recipe YAML maps directly to parse_distributed_section() in recipes/_dist_utils.py:

yaml
distributed:
  strategy: fsdp2           # fsdp2 | megatron_fsdp | ddp
  dp_size: none             # auto-calculated from world_size / (tp * pp * cp)
  dp_replicate_size: none   # FSDP2-only, for HSDP
  tp_size: 1
  pp_size: 1
  cp_size: 1
  ep_size: 1

  # Strategy-specific flags (forwarded to the strategy dataclass):
  sequence_parallel: false
  activation_checkpointing: false
  defer_fsdp_grad_sync: true   # FSDP2 only

  # Sub-configs (optional):
  pipeline:
    pp_schedule: 1f1b
    pp_microbatch_size: 1
    # ... see PipelineConfig fields

  moe:
    reshard_after_forward: false
    # ... see MoEParallelizerConfig fields

The dp_size is always inferred:

dp_size = world_size / (tp_size * pp_size * cp_size)

Infrastructure Flow

initialize_distributed()                       [components/distributed/init_utils.py]
    -> initializes torch.distributed process group and returns DistInfo
YAML distributed section + DistInfo.world_size
    -> parse_distributed_section()          [recipes/_dist_utils.py]
    -> create_distributed_setup_from_config()              [recipes/_dist_utils.py]
        -> DistributedSetup.build()         [components/distributed/config.py]
    -> instantiate_infrastructure()         [_transformers/infrastructure.py]
        -> _instantiate_distributed()       -> FSDP2Manager / MegatronFSDPManager / DDPManager
        -> _instantiate_pipeline()          -> AutoPipeline (if pp_size > 1)
        -> parallelize_fn                   -> MoE parallelizer (if ep_size > 1) or PP wrapper
    -> apply_model_infrastructure()         [_transformers/infrastructure.py]
        -> _shard_pp() or _shard_ep_fsdp()  (applies sharding to the model)

FSDP2 Configuration

Basic FSDP2 (data parallelism only)

yaml
distributed:
  strategy: fsdp2
  tp_size: 1
  cp_size: 1

This auto-calculates dp_size = world_size and applies fully_shard() per transformer block via DTensor-based sharding.

FSDP2 with Tensor Parallelism

Keep TP within a single NVLink domain (typically one node):

yaml
distributed:
  strategy: fsdp2
  tp_size: 4        # 2, 4, or 8 -- must divide GPUs per node
  sequence_parallel: true

The TP plan is auto-selected based on the model type. Pass a custom plan via the Python API if needed:

python
config = FSDP2Config(sequence_parallel=True, tp_plan=my_custom_plan)

FSDP2 with Pipeline Parallelism

yaml
distributed:
  strategy: fsdp2
  pp_size: 2
  pipeline:
    pp_schedule: interleaved1f1b   # 1f1b, gpipe, interleaved_1f1b, etc.
    pp_microbatch_size: 4
    scale_grads_in_schedule: false

The model must have a _pp_plan attribute (set on the HF model class) for AutoPipeline to know how to split layers across stages. Models without _pp_plan are not compatible with PP.

FSDP2 with HSDP (Hybrid Sharded Data Parallel)

Intra-node full sharding + inter-node replication via a 2D DeviceMesh:

yaml
distributed:
  strategy: fsdp2
  dp_replicate_size: 2   # must divide dp_size

Constraint: dp_replicate_size < dp_size (pure replication with no sharding is not supported by FSDP2).

Activation Checkpointing

Trades compute for memory by recomputing activations during backward:

yaml
distributed:
  activation_checkpointing: true

This is a model-build/training behavior flag, not mesh topology. Dense strategies read it from the strategy config; EP/MoE paths pass the recipe-level flag directly into model infrastructure.

Gradient Sync Deferral

FSDP2 defers gradient sync to the final micro-batch by default for communication overlap:

yaml
distributed:
  defer_fsdp_grad_sync: true   # default

Mixed Precision

FSDP2Config defaults to bfloat16 for all three precision knobs via MixedPrecisionPolicy(param_dtype=bf16, reduce_dtype=bf16, output_dtype=bf16, cast_forward_inputs=True). Override via the Python API:

python
from torch.distributed.fsdp import MixedPrecisionPolicy
config = FSDP2Config(
    mp_policy=MixedPrecisionPolicy(param_dtype=torch.float16, reduce_dtype=torch.float32),
)

Pipeline Parallelism

Requirements

1. Model class must define _pp_plan (a dict mapping module FQNs to stages).
2. pp_size > 1 in the distributed section.
3. A pipeline sub-config with schedule and microbatch size.

Supported schedules

Defined in PipelineConfig.pp_schedule:

• 1f1b (one-forward-one-backward, default)
• gpipe
• interleaved_1f1b / interleaved1f1b
• looped_bfs
• dfs
• v_schedule
• zero_bubble

Example (8B model on 8 GPUs, PP=2 + DP=4)

yaml
distributed:
  strategy: fsdp2
  pp_size: 2

  pipeline:
    pp_schedule: interleaved1f1b
    pp_microbatch_size: 4
    scale_grads_in_schedule: false

checkpoint:
  model_save_format: safetensors
  save_consolidated: final

How it works

AutoPipeline.build() calls pipeline_model() which splits the model into stages using the model's _pp_plan, creates PipelineStage objects, and builds the schedule. During training, schedule.step() drives forward and backward through the pipeline.

Context Parallelism

Use CP for long sequences (8K+). CP shards Q/K/V on the sequence dimension as DTensors.

Config

yaml
distributed:
  strategy: fsdp2
  cp_size: 2   # or 4, 8

Requirements

• SDPA (Flash Attention or Efficient Attention backend) or Transformer Engine

attention. SDPBackend.MATH is not compatible with DTensor.

• Attention masks are automatically stripped; is_causal=True is set via

forward pre-hooks registered by attach_context_parallel_hooks().

How it works

1. After model sharding, apply_model_infrastructure() calls

attach_context_parallel_hooks() on each model part (for non-TE models).

1. At each training step, make_cp_batch_and_ctx() creates a CP context

manager that shards the batch along the sequence dimension and sets up context_parallel() from torch.distributed.tensor.experimental.

1. For TE attention models, make_cp_batch_for_te() uses THD format and

TE's thd_get_partitioned_indices for sharding.

CP with Sequence Packing

CP works with packed sequences. The packed_sequence_size must be divisible by cp_size. When using TE, chunks are sharded per-chunk via _shard_thd_chunk_for_te().

Sequence Packing

Packing multiple sequences into a single training sample for efficiency.

Config

yaml
packed_sequence:
  packed_sequence_size: 4096   # 0 = disabled

step_scheduler:
  local_batch_size: 1          # must be 1 for packed sequences

When packed_sequence_size > 0, the dataset collator packs sequences up to that length. local_batch_size must be 1 because each "sample" is already a packed batch.

MoE Distributed Training

Expert Parallelism

Set ep_size > 1 to distribute experts across GPUs. This creates a separate moe_mesh alongside the main device_mesh:

yaml
distributed:
  strategy: fsdp2
  ep_size: 8
  activation_checkpointing: true

The moe_mesh shape is (pp_size, ep_shard_size, ep_size) with dimension names ("pp", "ep_shard", "ep").

Constraint: dp_cp_size (= dp_size * cp_size) must be divisible by ep_size.

MoE sub-config

yaml
distributed:
  strategy: fsdp2
  ep_size: 8
  activation_checkpointing: true

  moe:
    reshard_after_forward: false
    ignore_router_for_ac: false
    wrap_outer_model: true

The moe sub-section maps to MoEParallelizerConfig and is only instantiated when ep_size > 1.

Full MoE example (Qwen3-30B-A3B on 8 GPUs)

yaml
distributed:
  strategy: fsdp2
  tp_size: 1
  cp_size: 1
  pp_size: 1
  ep_size: 8
  sequence_parallel: false
  activation_checkpointing: true

MegatronFSDP limitations

Despite its name, megatron_fsdp does not support expert parallelism (ep_size > 1), pipeline parallelism (pp_size > 1), or sequence_parallel. Use fsdp2 for these features.

Parallelism Sizing Guidelines

Dense models

| Model size | TP | PP | CP | Strategy | |---|---|---|---|---| | < 3B | 1 | 1 | 1 | FSDP2 (DP only) | | 3-13B | 2-4 | 1 | 1 | FSDP2 + TP | | 13-70B | 4-8 | 2-4 | 1 | FSDP2 + TP + PP | | 70B+ | 8 | 4-8 | 1 | FSDP2 + TP + PP | | Any + long seq (8K+) | as above | as above | 2-8 | add CP |

MoE models

MoE models need less TP than dense models of similar total parameter count because only a fraction of parameters are active per token. EP is the primary scaling dimension:

| Model | TP | PP | EP | Notes | |---|---|---|---|---| | Small MoE (<10B total) | 1 | 1 | 8 | EP only | | Medium MoE (10-30B total) | 1-2 | 1 | 8 | small TP for shared layers | | Large MoE (100B+ total) | 1-2 | 4+ | 8-64 | PP for depth, EP for experts |

Hardware topology rules

• TP must stay within a single NVLink domain (one node, typically 8 GPUs).
• Use PP or DP for cross-node scaling.
• TP across InfiniBand degrades throughput severely.

Programmatic API (from_pretrained / from_config)

When not using YAML recipes, configure distributed training via Python:

python
from nemo_automodel.components.distributed import (
    DistributedSetup,
    FSDP2Config,
    ParallelismSizes,
    initialize_distributed,
)

dist_env = initialize_distributed("nccl")
distributed_setup = DistributedSetup.build(
    strategy=FSDP2Config(sequence_parallel=True),
    parallelism_sizes=ParallelismSizes(tp_size=2),
    activation_checkpointing=True,
    world_size=dist_env.world_size,
)

Or pass directly to from_pretrained:

python
from nemo_automodel import NeMoAutoModelForCausalLM

model = NeMoAutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
    "meta-llama/Llama-3.2-1B",
    distributed_setup=distributed_setup,
)

Code Anchors

Strategy config dataclasses:

components/distributed/config.py
    FSDP2Config       -- sequence_parallel, tp_plan, mp_policy, offload_policy,
                         activation_checkpointing, defer_fsdp_grad_sync
    MegatronFSDPConfig -- zero_dp_strategy, overlap_grad_reduce, overlap_param_gather, etc.
    DDPConfig          -- activation_checkpointing only

MeshContext (single source of truth for parallelism):

components/distributed/mesh.py
    MeshContext  -- device_mesh, moe_mesh
                    Properties: tp_size, pp_size, cp_size, ep_size, dp_size, dp_replicate_size
    MeshAxisName -- PP, DP, DP_REPLICATE, DP_SHARD, DP_SHARD_CP, DP_CP, CP, TP, EP, EP_SHARD

Mesh context and raw mesh creation:

components/distributed/config.py
    DistributedSetup.build()      -- builds MeshContext from strategy + parallelism
components/distributed/mesh_utils.py
    _create_device_meshes()       -- routes to FSDP2/MegatronFSDP/DDP raw mesh creation
    _create_fsdp2_device_mesh()   -- shape (pp, dp_replicate, dp_shard, cp, tp) + flattened submeshes
    _create_megatron_fsdp_device_mesh() -- shape (dp, cp, tp)

Distributed managers:

components/distributed/fsdp2.py          -- FSDP2Manager.parallelize()
components/distributed/megatron_fsdp.py  -- MegatronFSDPManager.parallelize()
components/distributed/ddp.py            -- DDPManager

Pipeline parallelism:

components/distributed/pipelining/config.py        -- PipelineConfig dataclass
components/distributed/pipelining/autopipeline.py  -- AutoPipeline orchestrator
components/distributed/pipelining/functional.py    -- pipeline_model(), schedule creation
components/distributed/pipelining/hf_utils.py      -- HF model validation for PP

Context parallelism:

components/distributed/context_parallel/utils.py
    make_cp_batch_and_ctx()            -- creates CP context manager + shards batch
    create_context_parallel_ctx()      -- wraps torch.distributed.tensor.experimental.context_parallel
    attach_context_parallel_hooks()    -- strips attention_mask, sets is_causal=True
    make_cp_batch_for_te()             -- TE-specific CP batch sharding (THD format)

Infrastructure orchestration:

_transformers/infrastructure.py
    instantiate_infrastructure()    -- config objects -> runtime objects
    apply_model_infrastructure()    -- applies sharding, PEFT, checkpoints to model
    _shard_pp()                     -- pipeline parallel path
    _shard_ep_fsdp()                -- EP + FSDP path (non-PP)

YAML parsing:

recipes/_dist_utils.py
    parse_distributed_section()  -- YAML dict -> typed configs + sizes
    create_distributed_setup_from_config()  -- recipe adapter: parse + create DistributedSetup; does not init process group

MoE config:

components/distributed/config.py
    MoEParallelizerConfig  -- reshard_after_forward, ignore_router_for_ac, wrap_outer_model, etc.
components/moe/config.py
    MoEConfig              -- n_routed_experts, n_activated_experts, score_func, etc.

Pitfalls

1. TP across nodes destroys throughput. Always keep TP within a single

NVLink domain. Use PP or DP for cross-node scaling.

1. PP requires _pp_plan on the model class. Not all HF models have this.

Check validate_hf_model_for_pipeline_support() before enabling PP.

1. PP bubbles reduce GPU utilization. Use interleaved schedules

(interleaved_1f1b) and smaller microbatches to reduce bubble time.

1. FSDP2 requires DTensor-aware state dict saving. Use safetensors with

save_consolidated: final for final HF export, or save_consolidated: false plus the generated model/consolidate.sh helper for offline export.

1. CP requires compatible attention. SDPA (Flash Attention or Efficient

Attention) or TE attention only. SDPBackend.MATH is not compatible with DTensor.

1. MoE EP size must evenly divide dp_size * cp_size. The device mesh

creation asserts dp_cp_size % ep_size == 0.

1. MegatronFSDP is more limited than FSDP2. It does not support PP

(pp_size > 1), EP (ep_size > 1), or sequence_parallel. The MeshContext validation raises on these combinations.

1. DDP supports nothing beyond data parallelism. No TP, PP, CP, EP, or

HSDP. Validation raises on any of these.

1. Activation checkpointing increases compute. It saves memory by

recomputing activations during backward, but adds ~30% compute overhead.

1. Mixed precision policy must match model expectations. The default

bfloat16 policy works for most models. FP16 models may need a custom MixedPrecisionPolicy.

1. packed_sequence_size must be divisible by cp_size when using CP

with packed sequences.

1. dp_replicate_size is FSDP2-only. Passing it with megatron_fsdp

or ddp raises a ValueError.

Verification

Run the smallest recipe that exercises the requested strategy. Success means exit code 0, finite loss, no NCCL timeout, and log output matching the expected TP/PP/CP/EP sizes.