Collecting Flows Safely — keep upstream work tied to the UI lifecycle

collectAsState() keeps collecting whenever the composable is in composition, including while the app is backgrounded — that wastes CPU and battery. collectAsStateWithLifecycle() ties collection to a Lifecycle.State (default STARTED) so backgrounding pauses upstream work. For chatty flows, pair the consumer with .conflate() and .distinctUntilChanged() so Compose only sees meaningful changes. Skydoves hot take #4: a Flow<T> parameter on a composable is unstable and blocks skipping for the whole composable — collect at the caller and pass the resolved value.

When to use this skill

• A ViewModel or Repository exposes StateFlow<T>, SharedFlow<T>, or a cold Flow<T> to a Compose screen.
• The user reports background battery drain, "the screen keeps working when the app is in the recents tray", or wakelock noise on logcat.
• A composable consumes sensor data, location, GPS, websocket, or animation frames coming from outside Compose.
• A composable's signature is fun MyScreen(state: Flow<State>) (Flow-as-parameter antipattern).
• The user asks about collectAsState vs collectAsStateWithLifecycle, or about Lifecycle.State.STARTED / RESUMED semantics.
• The user wants Compose state to drive a non-Compose subscriber (analytics on visible item index, etc.) — that is the State→Flow direction served by snapshotFlow.

When NOT to use this skill

• The flow is constructed and consumed entirely inside one composable's remember { ... } block — that is composition-internal state, prefer mutableStateOf directly. See ../using-efficient-effects/SKILL.md for choosing the right effect API.
• The data source is already State<T> (e.g. mutableStateOf, Animatable.asState()) — do not wrap it in a flow just to call collectAsStateWithLifecycle().
• A truly always-on background listener that must run while the Activity is STOPPED. Move that work to a Service / WorkManager / repeatOnLifecycle in the Activity, not into Compose.

Prerequisites

• Compose UI 1.4+ (any modern release).
• Add androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-runtime-compose (2.6+; the artifact that exposes collectAsStateWithLifecycle). Maven coordinates: androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-runtime-compose:<version>.
• Kotlin coroutines basics (StateFlow, SharedFlow, conflate, distinctUntilChanged).
• Read ../../recomposition/deferring-state-reads/SKILL.md if the high-frequency emissions are driving animation values — phase deferral may be a better fix than .conflate().

Workflow

1. Audit every collectAsState() call. Search the module for \.collectAsState\(. Replace each call with collectAsStateWithLifecycle() unless the producing flow is created inside the same composable scope.
2. Provide an initialValue when the flow is not a StateFlow (cold Flow<T> or SharedFlow<T>). For StateFlow<T>, the overload reads .value — no initial value needed.
3. Pick the right minActiveState. Default STARTED matches the framework's repeatOnLifecycle default. Use RESUMED for widgets that should only collect while the Activity owns input focus (e.g. always-visible foreground HUD with an aggressive sensor source). Do not use CREATED — that defeats the purpose.
4. For high-frequency producers (>1 emission per ~100 ms), add .conflate() upstream of collectAsStateWithLifecycle() so the consumer keeps only the latest value across a frame. If consecutive emissions can be value-equal, also add .distinctUntilChanged() — and ensure the emitted type has a correct equals().
5. Hoist Flow<T> parameters out of composables. Replace fun Foo(prices: Flow<Price>) with fun Foo(price: Price). Collect at the caller. If the producer must stay private to the parent, expose a () -> Price lambda provider rather than the raw Flow.
6. For State → Flow direction, use snapshotFlow { ... } inside a LaunchedEffect. That is the supported bridge from Compose's snapshot system to coroutine flows; combine with .distinctUntilChanged() to avoid spurious emissions.
7. Verify with @TraceRecomposition (see ../../measurement/tracing-recompositions-at-runtime/SKILL.md) and a logcat sanity check with the app backgrounded — upstream emissions should stop.

Patterns

Pattern: replace collectAsState with collectAsStateWithLifecycle

kotlin
// WRONG
import androidx.compose.runtime.collectAsState

@Composable
fun HomeScreen(viewModel: HomeViewModel) {
    val state by viewModel.uiState.collectAsState()
    HomeContent(state)
}
// WRONG because: collection continues while the app is backgrounded -> wasted CPU and battery,
// and any upstream operators (network polling, db queries) keep running.

kotlin
// RIGHT
import androidx.lifecycle.compose.collectAsStateWithLifecycle

@Composable
fun HomeScreen(viewModel: HomeViewModel) {
    val state by viewModel.uiState.collectAsStateWithLifecycle()
    HomeContent(state)
}

Pattern: custom minActiveState for an always-visible widget

kotlin
// RIGHT
import androidx.lifecycle.Lifecycle
import androidx.lifecycle.compose.collectAsStateWithLifecycle

@Composable
fun TopBar(viewModel: HomeViewModel) {
    val state by viewModel.uiState.collectAsStateWithLifecycle(
        minActiveState = Lifecycle.State.RESUMED,
    )
    TopBarContent(state)
}

Pattern: do not pass Flow<T> as a composable parameter (skydoves hot take #4)

kotlin
// WRONG
@Composable
fun PriceTicker(prices: Flow<Price>) {
    val price by prices.collectAsState(initial = Price.ZERO)
    Text(price.formatted)
}
// WRONG because: Flow is unstable -> blocks skipping for the whole composable; the collection
// lifecycle is also unclear (recreated on every recomposition unless the caller remembers it).

kotlin
// RIGHT
@Composable
fun PriceTicker(price: Price) {
    Text(price.formatted)
}

// Caller collects once and passes the value:
@Composable
fun TickerScreen(viewModel: TickerViewModel) {
    val price by viewModel.price.collectAsStateWithLifecycle()
    PriceTicker(price)
}

Pattern: high-frequency flow needs .conflate() + .distinctUntilChanged()

kotlin
// WRONG
@Composable
fun TiltIndicator(repository: SensorRepository) {
    val tilt by repository.tilt.collectAsStateWithLifecycle(initialValue = 0f)
    TiltUi(tilt)
}
// WRONG because: hundreds of emissions per second invalidate the consuming composable per emission;
// most are dropped frames worth of work.

kotlin
// RIGHT
@Composable
fun TiltIndicator(repository: SensorRepository) {
    val flow = remember(repository) {
        repository.tilt.conflate().distinctUntilChanged()
    }
    val tilt by flow.collectAsStateWithLifecycle(initialValue = 0f)
    TiltUi(tilt)
}

Pattern: State → Flow with snapshotFlow

kotlin
// RIGHT
@Composable
fun FeedAnalytics(listState: LazyListState, analytics: Analytics) {
    LaunchedEffect(listState, analytics) {
        snapshotFlow { listState.firstVisibleItemIndex }
            .distinctUntilChanged()
            .collect { index -> analytics.logFirstVisibleIndex(index) }
    }
}
// snapshotFlow bridges snapshot State to a cold Flow without paying the cost of recomposing
// every time firstVisibleItemIndex changes — the read happens inside the LaunchedEffect's coroutine,
// not in the composition phase.

Pattern: prefer snapshotFlow over derivedStateOf for fire-and-forget reactions

kotlin
// LESS PREFERRED for an effect that only emits side effects
val isAtTop by remember { derivedStateOf { listState.firstVisibleItemIndex == 0 } }
LaunchedEffect(isAtTop) { if (isAtTop) reportTop() }

kotlin
// PREFERRED — no derived state slot in composition; reads happen in the coroutine
LaunchedEffect(listState) {
    snapshotFlow { listState.firstVisibleItemIndex == 0 }
        .distinctUntilChanged()
        .filter { it }
        .collect { reportTop() }
}

Mandatory rules

• MUST call collectAsStateWithLifecycle() (from androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-runtime-compose) for any Flow that originates outside the composition (ViewModel, repository, sensor, network, websocket, location).
• MUST NOT pass Flow<T> as a composable parameter. Collect at the caller, pass the resolved T (or a () -> T lambda provider for very hot producers). Flow is unstable and blocks skipping for the entire composable.
• MUST add .conflate() and/or .distinctUntilChanged() upstream of collectAsStateWithLifecycle() for any flow emitting more often than ~once per 100 ms. Ensure equals() is correct on the emitted type when using distinctUntilChanged.
• MUST wrap the operator chain in remember(key) when applying .conflate() / .distinctUntilChanged() inline, so a new chain is not created on every recomposition.
• MUST NOT use Lifecycle.State.CREATED for minActiveState — it leaves collection running while the activity is invisible, defeating the migration.
• MUST NOT rewrap an existing State<T> into a flow just to call collectAsStateWithLifecycle(). Keep the State direct.
• PREFERRED: snapshotFlow { ... } over derivedStateOf { ... } when the only consumer is a fire-and-forget effect (analytics, logging, side-channel emit) instead of UI.

Verification

• ] grep -R "collectAsState(" src/ returns 0 hits, or each remaining hit collects a flow created inside the same composable.
• ] Background the app and watch logcat: upstream operators (Repository log lines, sensor callbacks) stop within one frame and resume on foregrounding.
• ] @TraceRecomposition(traceStates = true) on the consuming composable shows one recomposition per meaningful emission, not per raw upstream emission. See ../../measurement/tracing-recompositions-at-runtime/SKILL.md.
• ] Battery Historian / Studio Energy Profiler shows no foreground-only work attributed to the screen while the app is backgrounded.
• ] No composable in the module declares a parameter of type Flow<*> (grep -R ": Flow<" src/).
• ] When minActiveState = RESUMED is used, the rationale (focus-required widget) is documented in code.

References

• Manuel Vivo — Consuming flows safely in Jetpack Compose: https://medium.com/androiddevelopers/consuming-flows-safely-in-jetpack-compose-cde014d0d5a3
• Android Developers — Lifecycle-aware coroutines (repeatOnLifecycle): https://developer.android.com/topic/libraries/architecture/coroutines
• androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-runtime-compose release notes: https://developer.android.com/jetpack/androidx/releases/lifecycle
• Android Developers — Compose side effects (snapshotFlow, LaunchedEffect): https://developer.android.com/develop/ui/compose/side-effects
• Skydoves — 6 Jetpack Compose Guidelines (Flow-as-parameter antipattern): https://medium.com/proandroiddev/6-jetpack-compose-guidelines-to-optimize-your-app-performance-be18533721f9
• Ben Trengrove — Why test perf in release: https://medium.com/androiddevelopers/why-should-you-always-test-compose-performance-in-release-4168dd0f2c71
• Sibling skill: ../using-efficient-effects/SKILL.md for LaunchedEffect / DisposableEffect / RememberedEffect selection.
• Sibling skill: ../../measurement/tracing-recompositions-at-runtime/SKILL.md for verifying emission counts at runtime.