cert-manager

cert-manager automates the management and issuance of TLS certificates in Kubernetes.

Installation

bash
# Install cert-manager with Helm
helm repo add jetstack https://charts.jetstack.io
helm repo update

helm install cert-manager jetstack/cert-manager \
  --namespace cert-manager \
  --create-namespace \
  --set crds.enabled=true \
  --set prometheus.enabled=true

# Verify
kubectl get pods -n cert-manager
cmctl check api

ClusterIssuers

yaml
# issuers/letsencrypt-staging.yaml — Let's Encrypt staging issuer for testing
apiVersion: cert-manager.io/v1
kind: ClusterIssuer
metadata:
  name: letsencrypt-staging
spec:
  acme:
    server: https://acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory
    email: admin@example.com
    privateKeySecretRef:
      name: letsencrypt-staging-key
    solvers:
      - http01:
          ingress:
            class: nginx

yaml
# issuers/letsencrypt-prod.yaml — Let's Encrypt production issuer
apiVersion: cert-manager.io/v1
kind: ClusterIssuer
metadata:
  name: letsencrypt-prod
spec:
  acme:
    server: https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory
    email: admin@example.com
    privateKeySecretRef:
      name: letsencrypt-prod-key
    solvers:
      - http01:
          ingress:
            class: nginx
      - dns01:
          cloudDNS:
            project: my-gcp-project
          selector:
            dnsZones:
              - "example.com"

yaml
# issuers/dns01-route53.yaml — DNS-01 solver with AWS Route 53
apiVersion: cert-manager.io/v1
kind: ClusterIssuer
metadata:
  name: letsencrypt-dns
spec:
  acme:
    server: https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory
    email: admin@example.com
    privateKeySecretRef:
      name: letsencrypt-dns-key
    solvers:
      - dns01:
          route53:
            region: us-east-1
            hostedZoneID: Z1234567890

Certificate Resources

yaml
# certs/wildcard-cert.yaml — Wildcard certificate for domain
apiVersion: cert-manager.io/v1
kind: Certificate
metadata:
  name: wildcard-example-com
  namespace: default
spec:
  secretName: wildcard-example-com-tls
  issuerRef:
    name: letsencrypt-prod
    kind: ClusterIssuer
  commonName: "*.example.com"
  dnsNames:
    - "example.com"
    - "*.example.com"
  duration: 2160h    # 90 days
  renewBefore: 360h  # 15 days before expiry
  privateKey:
    algorithm: ECDSA
    size: 256

yaml
# certs/internal-ca.yaml — Self-signed CA for internal services
apiVersion: cert-manager.io/v1
kind: ClusterIssuer
metadata:
  name: selfsigned-issuer
spec:
  selfSigned: {}
---
apiVersion: cert-manager.io/v1
kind: Certificate
metadata:
  name: internal-ca
  namespace: cert-manager
spec:
  isCA: true
  commonName: internal-ca
  secretName: internal-ca-secret
  issuerRef:
    name: selfsigned-issuer
    kind: ClusterIssuer
  privateKey:
    algorithm: ECDSA
    size: 256
---
apiVersion: cert-manager.io/v1
kind: ClusterIssuer
metadata:
  name: internal-ca-issuer
spec:
  ca:
    secretName: internal-ca-secret

Ingress Integration

yaml
# ingress/web-ingress.yaml — Ingress with automatic TLS via annotation
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: web-app
  annotations:
    cert-manager.io/cluster-issuer: letsencrypt-prod
spec:
  ingressClassName: nginx
  tls:
    - hosts:
        - app.example.com
        - api.example.com
      secretName: app-example-com-tls
  rules:
    - host: app.example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - path: /
            pathType: Prefix
            backend:
              service:
                name: web-app
                port:
                  number: 80
    - host: api.example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - path: /
            pathType: Prefix
            backend:
              service:
                name: api-service
                port:
                  number: 8080

Istio Gateway Integration

yaml
# certs/istio-cert.yaml — Certificate for Istio Gateway
apiVersion: cert-manager.io/v1
kind: Certificate
metadata:
  name: gateway-cert
  namespace: istio-system
spec:
  secretName: gateway-tls
  issuerRef:
    name: letsencrypt-prod
    kind: ClusterIssuer
  dnsNames:
    - "app.example.com"
    - "api.example.com"

Common Commands

bash
# Check certificate status
kubectl get certificates -A
kubectl describe certificate wildcard-example-com

# View certificate details
cmctl status certificate wildcard-example-com

# Manually trigger renewal
cmctl renew wildcard-example-com

# Check challenges and orders
kubectl get challenges -A
kubectl get orders -A

# Inspect certificate secret
kubectl get secret wildcard-example-com-tls -o jsonpath='{.data.tls\.crt}' | base64 -d | openssl x509 -text -noout

# Troubleshoot
kubectl logs -n cert-manager deploy/cert-manager -f
cmctl check api