Django 测试驱动开发 (TDD)

使用 pytest、factory_boy 和 Django REST Framework 进行 Django 应用程序的测试驱动开发。

何时启用

• 编写新的 Django 应用程序时
• 实现 Django REST Framework API 时
• 测试 Django 模型（Models）、视图（Views）、序列化器（Serializers）时
• 配置 Django 项目的测试基础设施时

Django 的 TDD 工作流

红-绿-重构（Red-Green-Refactor）循环

python
# 步骤 1: RED - 编写一个失败的测试
def test_user_creation():
    user = User.objects.create_user(email='test@example.com', password='testpass123')
    assert user.email == 'test@example.com'
    assert user.check_password('testpass123')
    assert not user.is_staff

# 步骤 2: GREEN - 使测试通过
# 创建 User 模型或 Factory

# 步骤 3: REFACTOR - 在保持测试通过的同时进行改进

设置

pytest 配置

ini
# pytest.ini
[pytest]
DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE = config.settings.test
testpaths = tests
python_files = test_*.py
python_classes = Test*
python_functions = test_*
addopts =
    --reuse-db
    --nomigrations
    --cov=apps
    --cov-report=html
    --cov-report=term-missing
    --strict-markers
markers =
    slow: marks tests as slow
    integration: marks tests as integration tests

测试设置

python
# config/settings/test.py
from .base import *

DEBUG = True
DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
        'NAME': ':memory:',
    }
}

# 禁用迁移以加快速度
class DisableMigrations:
    def __contains__(self, item):
        return True

    def __getitem__(self, item):
        return None

MIGRATION_MODULES = DisableMigrations()

# 更快的密码哈希
PASSWORD_HASHERS = [
    'django.contrib.auth.hashers.MD5PasswordHasher',
]

# 邮件后端
EMAIL_BACKEND = 'django.core.mail.backends.console.EmailBackend'

# Celery 始终为 eager 模式
CELERY_TASK_ALWAYS_EAGER = True
CELERY_TASK_EAGER_PROPAGATES = True

conftest.py

python
# tests/conftest.py
import pytest
from django.utils import timezone
from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model

User = get_user_model()

@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
def timezone_settings(settings):
    """确保时区一致。"""
    settings.TIME_ZONE = 'UTC'

@pytest.fixture
def user(db):
    """创建测试用户。"""
    return User.objects.create_user(
        email='test@example.com',
        password='testpass123',
        username='testuser'
    )

@pytest.fixture
def admin_user(db):
    """创建管理员用户。"""
    return User.objects.create_superuser(
        email='admin@example.com',
        password='adminpass123',
        username='admin'
    )

@pytest.fixture
def authenticated_client(client, user):
    """返回已认证的客户端。"""
    client.force_login(user)
    return client

@pytest.fixture
def api_client():
    """返回 DRF API 客户端。"""
    from rest_framework.test import APIClient
    return APIClient()

@pytest.fixture
def authenticated_api_client(api_client, user):
    """返回已认证的 API 客户端。"""
    api_client.force_authenticate(user=user)
    return api_client

Factory Boy

Factory 设置

python
# tests/factories.py
import factory
from factory import fuzzy
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model
from apps.products.models import Product, Category

User = get_user_model()

class UserFactory(factory.django.DjangoModelFactory):
    """User 模型的 Factory。"""

    class Meta:
        model = User

    email = factory.Sequence(lambda n: f"user{n}@example.com")
    username = factory.Sequence(lambda n: f"user{n}")
    password = factory.PostGenerationMethodCall('set_password', 'testpass123')
    first_name = factory.Faker('first_name')
    last_name = factory.Faker('last_name')
    is_active = True

class CategoryFactory(factory.django.DjangoModelFactory):
    """Category 模型的 Factory。"""

    class Meta:
        model = Category

    name = factory.Faker('word')
    slug = factory.LazyAttribute(lambda obj: obj.name.lower())
    description = factory.Faker('text')

class ProductFactory(factory.django.DjangoModelFactory):
    """Product 模型的 Factory。"""

    class Meta:
        model = Product

    name = factory.Faker('sentence', nb_words=3)
    slug = factory.LazyAttribute(lambda obj: obj.name.lower().replace(' ', '-'))
    description = factory.Faker('text')
    price = fuzzy.FuzzyDecimal(10.00, 1000.00, 2)
    stock = fuzzy.FuzzyInteger(0, 100)
    is_active = True
    category = factory.SubFactory(CategoryFactory)
    created_by = factory.SubFactory(UserFactory)

    @factory.post_generation
    def tags(self, create, extracted, **kwargs):
        """为产品添加标签。"""
        if not create:
            return
        if extracted:
            for tag in extracted:
                self.tags.add(tag)

使用 Factory

python
# tests/test_models.py
import pytest
from tests.factories import ProductFactory, UserFactory

def test_product_creation():
    """测试使用 Factory 创建产品。"""
    product = ProductFactory(price=100.00, stock=50)
    assert product.price == 100.00
    assert product.stock == 50
    assert product.is_active is True

def test_product_with_tags():
    """测试带有标签的产品。"""
    tags = [TagFactory(name='electronics'), TagFactory(name='new')]
    product = ProductFactory(tags=tags)
    assert product.tags.count() == 2

def test_multiple_products():
    """测试创建多个产品。"""
    products = ProductFactory.create_batch(10)
    assert len(products) == 10

模型测试

模型测试

python
# tests/test_models.py
import pytest
from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
from tests.factories import UserFactory, ProductFactory

class TestUserModel:
    """测试 User 模型。"""

    def test_create_user(self, db):
        """测试普通用户创建。"""
        user = UserFactory(email='test@example.com')
        assert user.email == 'test@example.com'
        assert user.check_password('testpass123')
        assert not user.is_staff
        assert not user.is_superuser

    def test_create_superuser(self, db):
        """测试超级用户创建。"""
        user = UserFactory(
            email='admin@example.com',
            is_staff=True,
            is_superuser=True
        )
        assert user.is_staff
        assert user.is_superuser

    def test_user_str(self, db):
        """测试用户的字符串表示。"""
        user = UserFactory(email='test@example.com')
        assert str(user) == 'test@example.com'

class TestProductModel:
    """测试 Product 模型。"""

    def test_product_creation(self, db):
        """测试产品创建。"""
        product = ProductFactory()
        assert product.id is not None
        assert product.is_active is True
        assert product.created_at is not None

    def test_product_slug_generation(self, db):
        """测试自动 Slug 生成。"""
        product = ProductFactory(name='Test Product')
        assert product.slug == 'test-product'

    def test_product_price_validation(self, db):
        """测试价格不能为负值。"""
        product = ProductFactory(price=-10)
        with pytest.raises(ValidationError):
            product.full_clean()

    def test_product_manager_active(self, db):
        """测试 Active Manager 方法。"""
        ProductFactory.create_batch(5, is_active=True)
        ProductFactory.create_batch(3, is_active=False)

        active_count = Product.objects.active().count()
        assert active_count == 5

    def test_product_stock_management(self, db):
        """测试库存管理。"""
        product = ProductFactory(stock=10)
        product.reduce_stock(5)
        product.refresh_from_db()
        assert product.stock == 5

        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
            product.reduce_stock(10)  # 库存不足

视图测试

Django 视图测试

python
# tests/test_views.py
import pytest
from django.urls import reverse
from tests.factories import ProductFactory, UserFactory

class TestProductViews:
    """测试产品视图。"""

    def test_product_list(self, client, db):
        """测试产品列表视图。"""
        ProductFactory.create_batch(10)

        response = client.get(reverse('products:list'))

        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert len(response.context['products']) == 10

    def test_product_detail(self, client, db):
        """测试产品详情视图。"""
        product = ProductFactory()

        response = client.get(reverse('products:detail', kwargs={'slug': product.slug}))

        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert response.context['product'] == product

    def test_product_create_requires_login(self, client, db):
        """测试创建产品需要登录。"""
        response = client.get(reverse('products:create'))

        assert response.status_code == 302
        assert response.url.startswith('/accounts/login/')

    def test_product_create_authenticated(self, authenticated_client, db):
        """测试作为已认证用户的产品创建。"""
        response = authenticated_client.get(reverse('products:create'))

        assert response.status_code == 200

    def test_product_create_post(self, authenticated_client, db, category):
        """测试通过 POST 创建产品。"""
        data = {
            'name': 'Test Product',
            'description': 'A test product',
            'price': '99.99',
            'stock': 10,
            'category': category.id,
        }

        response = authenticated_client.post(reverse('products:create'), data)

        assert response.status_code == 302
        assert Product.objects.filter(name='Test Product').exists()

DRF API 测试

序列化器测试

python
# tests/test_serializers.py
import pytest
from rest_framework.exceptions import ValidationError
from apps.products.serializers import ProductSerializer
from tests.factories import ProductFactory

class TestProductSerializer:
    """测试 ProductSerializer。"""

    def test_serialize_product(self, db):
        """测试产品序列化。"""
        product = ProductFactory()
        serializer = ProductSerializer(product)

        data = serializer.data

        assert data['id'] == product.id
        assert data['name'] == product.name
        assert data['price'] == str(product.price)

    def test_deserialize_product(self, db):
        """测试产品数据反序列化。"""
        data = {
            'name': 'Test Product',
            'description': 'Test description',
            'price': '99.99',
            'stock': 10,
            'category': 1,
        }

        serializer = ProductSerializer(data=data)

        assert serializer.is_valid()
        product = serializer.save()

        assert product.name == 'Test Product'
        assert float(product.price) == 99.99

    def test_price_validation(self, db):
        """测试价格校验。"""
        data = {
            'name': 'Test Product',
            'price': '-10.00',
            'stock': 10,
        }

        serializer = ProductSerializer(data=data)

        assert not serializer.is_valid()
        assert 'price' in serializer.errors

    def test_stock_validation(self, db):
        """测试库存不能为负。"""
        data = {
            'name': 'Test Product',
            'price': '99.99',
            'stock': -5,
        }

        serializer = ProductSerializer(data=data)

        assert not serializer.is_valid()
        assert 'stock' in serializer.errors

API ViewSet 测试

python
# tests/test_api.py
import pytest
from rest_framework.test import APIClient
from rest_framework import status
from django.urls import reverse
from tests.factories import ProductFactory, UserFactory

class TestProductAPI:
    """测试 Product API 端点。"""

    @pytest.fixture
    def api_client(self):
        """返回 API 客户端。"""
        return APIClient()

    def test_list_products(self, api_client, db):
        """测试产品列表。"""
        ProductFactory.create_batch(10)

        url = reverse('api:product-list')
        response = api_client.get(url)

        assert response.status_code == status.HTTP_200_OK
        assert response.data['count'] == 10

    def test_retrieve_product(self, api_client, db):
        """测试获取产品。"""
        product = ProductFactory()

        url = reverse('api:product-detail', kwargs={'pk': product.id})
        response = api_client.get(url)

        assert response.status_code == status.HTTP_200_OK
        assert response.data['id'] == product.id

    def test_create_product_unauthorized(self, api_client, db):
        """测试未经身份验证的产品创建。"""
        url = reverse('api:product-list')
        data = {'name': 'Test Product', 'price': '99.99'}

        response = api_client.post(url, data)

        assert response.status_code == status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED

    def test_create_product_authorized(self, authenticated_api_client, db):
        """测试作为已认证用户的产品创建。"""
        url = reverse('api:product-list')
        data = {
            'name': 'Test Product',
            'description': 'Test',
            'price': '99.99',
            'stock': 10,
        }

        response = authenticated_api_client.post(url, data)

        assert response.status_code == status.HTTP_201_CREATED
        assert response.data['name'] == 'Test Product'

    def test_update_product(self, authenticated_api_client, db):
        """测试更新产品。"""
        product = ProductFactory(created_by=authenticated_api_client.user)

        url = reverse('api:product-detail', kwargs={'pk': product.id})
        data = {'name': 'Updated Product'}

        response = authenticated_api_client.patch(url, data)

        assert response.status_code == status.HTTP_200_OK
        assert response.data['name'] == 'Updated Product'

    def test_delete_product(self, authenticated_api_client, db):
        """测试删除产品。"""
        product = ProductFactory(created_by=authenticated_api_client.user)

        url = reverse('api:product-detail', kwargs={'pk': product.id})
        response = authenticated_api_client.delete(url)

        assert response.status_code == status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT

    def test_filter_products_by_price(self, api_client, db):
        """测试按价格过滤产品。"""
        ProductFactory(price=50)
        ProductFactory(price=150)

        url = reverse('api:product-list')
        response = api_client.get(url, {'price_min': 100})

        assert response.status_code == status.HTTP_200_OK
        assert response.data['count'] == 1

    def test_search_products(self, api_client, db):
        """测试搜索产品。"""
        ProductFactory(name='Apple iPhone')
        ProductFactory(name='Samsung Galaxy')

        url = reverse('api:product-list')
        response = api_client.get(url, {'search': 'Apple'})

        assert response.status_code == status.HTTP_200_OK
        assert response.data['count'] == 1

Mocking 与 Patching

外部服务 Mock

python
# tests/test_views.py
from unittest.mock import patch, Mock
import pytest

class TestPaymentView:
    """使用 Mock 的支付网关测试支付视图。"""

    @patch('apps.payments.services.stripe')
    def test_successful_payment(self, mock_stripe, client, user, product):
        """使用 Mock 的 Stripe 测试成功的支付。"""
        # 设置 Mock
        mock_stripe.Charge.create.return_value = {
            'id': 'ch_123',
            'status': 'succeeded',
            'amount': 9999,
        }

        client.force_login(user)
        response = client.post(reverse('payments:process'), {
            'product_id': product.id,
            'token': 'tok_visa',
        })

        assert response.status_code == 302
        mock_stripe.Charge.create.assert_called_once()

    @patch('apps.payments.services.stripe')
    def test_failed_payment(self, mock_stripe, client, user, product):
        """测试失败的支付。"""
        mock_stripe.Charge.create.side_effect = Exception('Card declined')

        client.force_login(user)
        response = client.post(reverse('payments:process'), {
            'product_id': product.id,
            'token': 'tok_visa',
        })

        assert response.status_code == 302
        assert 'error' in response.url

邮件发送 Mock

python
# tests/test_email.py
from django.core import mail
from django.test import override_settings

@override_settings(EMAIL_BACKEND='django.core.mail.backends.locmem.EmailBackend')
def test_order_confirmation_email(db, order):
    """测试订单确认邮件。"""
    order.send_confirmation_email()

    assert len(mail.outbox) == 1
    assert order.user.email in mail.outbox[0].to
    assert 'Order Confirmation' in mail.outbox[0].subject

集成测试

完整流程测试

python
# tests/test_integration.py
import pytest
from django.urls import reverse
from tests.factories import UserFactory, ProductFactory

class TestCheckoutFlow:
    """测试完整的结账流程。"""

    def test_guest_to_purchase_flow(self, client, db):
        """测试从访客到购买的完整流程。"""
        # 步骤 1: 注册
        response = client.post(reverse('users:register'), {
            'email': 'test@example.com',
            'password': 'testpass123',
            'password_confirm': 'testpass123',
        })
        assert response.status_code == 302

        # 步骤 2: 登录
        response = client.post(reverse('users:login'), {
            'email': 'test@example.com',
            'password': 'testpass123',
        })
        assert response.status_code == 302

        # 步骤 3: 浏览产品
        product = ProductFactory(price=100)
        response = client.get(reverse('products:detail', kwargs={'slug': product.slug}))
        assert response.status_code == 200

        # 步骤 4: 添加到购物车
        response = client.post(reverse('cart:add'), {
            'product_id': product.id,
            'quantity': 1,
        })
        assert response.status_code == 302

        # 步骤 5: 结账
        response = client.get(reverse('checkout:review'))
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert product.name in response.content.decode()

        # 步骤 6: 完成购买
        with patch('apps.checkout.services.process_payment') as mock_payment:
            mock_payment.return_value = True
            response = client.post(reverse('checkout:complete'))

        assert response.status_code == 302
        assert Order.objects.filter(user__email='test@example.com').exists()

测试最佳实践

推荐做法

• 使用 Factory: 代替手动创建对象
• 每个测试仅一个断言（Assertion）: 使测试更聚焦
• 描述性的测试名称: test_user_cannot_delete_others_post
• 测试边界情况: 空输入、None 值、边界条件
• Mock 外部服务: 不要依赖外部 API
• 使用 Fixtures: 消除重复
• 测试权限: 确保授权功能正常运行
• 保持测试高速运行: 使用 --reuse-db 和 --nomigrations

禁忌做法

• 不要测试 Django 内部机制: 相信 Django 自身的功能
• 不要测试第三方代码: 相信第三方库的功能
• 不要忽略失败的测试: 必须通过所有测试
• 不要让测试产生依赖: 测试应该能以任意顺序运行
• 不要过度使用 Mock: 仅 Mock 外部依赖
• 不要测试私有方法: 测试公共接口
• 不要使用生产数据库: 始终使用测试数据库

覆盖率

覆盖率配置

bash
# 运行带覆盖率的测试
pytest --cov=apps --cov-report=html --cov-report=term-missing

# 生成 HTML 报告
open htmlcov/index.html

覆盖率目标

| 组件 | 目标覆盖率 | |-----------|-----------------| | 模型 | 90%+ | | 序列化器 | 85%+ | | 视图 | 80%+ | | 服务 | 90%+ | | 实用程序 | 80%+ | | 整体 | 80%+ |

快速参考

| 模式 | 用法 | |---------|-------| | @pytest.mark.django_db | 启用数据库访问 | | client | Django 测试客户端 | | api_client | DRF API 客户端 | | factory.create_batch(n) | 创建多个对象 | | patch('module.function') | Mock 外部依赖 | | override_settings | 临时更改设置 | | force_authenticate() | 在测试中绕过身份验证 | | assertRedirects | 检查重定向 | | assertTemplateUsed | 验证使用的模板 | | mail.outbox | 检查发送的邮件 |

请记住: 测试即文档。优秀的测试可以说明代码应该如何工作。请保持其简单、易读且可维护。