Dynamic Analysis (Phase 4)

Purpose

Observe actual runtime behavior. Verify hypotheses from static analysis. Capture data that's only visible during execution.

Human-in-the-Loop Requirement

CRITICAL: All execution requires human approval.

Before running ANY binary:

1. Confirm sandbox configuration is acceptable
2. Verify network isolation if required
3. Document what execution will attempt
4. Get explicit approval

Platform Support Matrix

| Host Platform | Target Arch | Method | Complexity | |---------------|-------------|--------|------------| | Linux x86_64 | ARM32/64, MIPS | Native qemu-user | Low | | Linux x86_64 | x86-32 | Native or linux32 | Low | | macOS (any) | ARM32/64 | Docker + binfmt | Medium | | macOS (any) | x86-32 | Docker --platform linux/i386 | Medium | | Windows | Any | WSL2 → Linux method | Medium |

macOS Docker Setup (One-Time)

bash
# Start Docker runtime (Colima, Docker Desktop, etc.)
colima start

# Register ARM emulation handlers (requires privileged mode)
docker run --rm --privileged --platform linux/arm64 \
  tonistiigi/binfmt --install arm

Docker Mount Best Practices

CRITICAL: On Colima, /tmp mounts often fail silently. Always use home directory paths:

bash
# ✅ GOOD - use home directory
docker run -v ~/code/samples:/work:ro ...

# ❌ BAD - /tmp mounts can fail on Colima
docker run -v /tmp/samples:/work:ro ...

Analysis Options

| Method | Isolation | Granularity | Best For | |--------|-----------|-------------|----------| | QEMU -strace | High | Syscall level | Initial behavior mapping | | QEMU + GDB | High | Instruction level | Detailed debugging | | Docker | High | Process level | Cross-arch on macOS | | Frida | Medium | Function level | Hooking without recompilation | | On-device | Low | Full system | When emulation fails |

Option A: QEMU User-Mode with Syscall Trace

Safest approach - runs in isolation with syscall logging.

Setup

bash
# Verify sysroot exists
ls /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib/libc.so*

# ARM 32-bit execution
qemu-arm -L /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf -strace -- ./binary

# ARM 64-bit execution
qemu-aarch64 -L /usr/aarch64-linux-gnu -strace -- ./binary

Sysroot Selection

| Binary ABI | Sysroot Path | QEMU Flag | |------------|--------------|-----------| | ARM glibc hard-float | /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf | -L | | ARM glibc soft-float | /usr/arm-linux-gnueabi | -L | | ARM64 glibc | /usr/aarch64-linux-gnu | -L | | ARM musl | Custom extraction needed | -L |

Environment Control

bash
# Set environment variables
qemu-arm -L /sysroot \
  -E HOME=/tmp \
  -E USER=nobody \
  -E LD_DEBUG=bindings \
  -- ./binary

# Unset dangerous variables
qemu-arm -L /sysroot \
  -U LD_PRELOAD \
  -- ./binary

Syscall Analysis

Strace output patterns to watch:

bash
# Network activity
openat.*socket
connect(.*AF_INET
sendto\|send\|write.*socket
recvfrom\|recv\|read.*socket

# File access
openat.*O_RDONLY.*"/etc
openat.*O_WRONLY
stat\|lstat.*"/

# Process operations
execve
fork\|clone

Option B: QEMU + GDB for Deep Debugging

Attach debugger for instruction-level control.

Launch Binary Under GDB

bash
# Start QEMU with GDB server
qemu-arm -g 1234 -L /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf ./binary &

# Connect with gdb-multiarch
gdb-multiarch -q \
  -ex "set architecture arm" \
  -ex "target remote :1234" \
  -ex "source ~/.gdbinit-gef.py" \
  ./binary

GDB Commands for RE

gdb
# Breakpoints
break *0x8400              # Address
break main                 # Symbol
break *0x8400 if $r0 == 5  # Conditional

# Execution control
continue                   # Run until break
stepi                      # Single instruction
nexti                      # Step over calls
finish                     # Run until return

# Inspection
info registers             # All registers
x/20i $pc                  # Disassemble from PC
x/10wx $sp                 # Stack contents
x/s 0x12345                # String at address

# Memory
find 0x8000, 0x10000, "pattern"  # Search memory
dump memory /tmp/mem.bin 0x8000 0x9000  # Extract region

GEF Enhancements

With GEF loaded, additional commands:

gdb
gef> vmmap                 # Memory layout
gef> checksec              # Security features
gef> context               # Full state display
gef> hexdump qword $sp 10  # Better hex dump
gef> pcustom               # Structure definitions

Batch Debugging Script

bash
# Create GDB script
cat > analyze.gdb << 'EOF'
set architecture arm
target remote :1234
break main
continue
info registers
x/20i $pc
continue
quit
EOF

# Run batch
gdb-multiarch -batch -x analyze.gdb ./binary

Option C: Frida for Function Hooking

Intercept function calls without modifying binary.

⚠️ Architecture Constraint: Frida requires native-arch execution. It cannot attach to QEMU-user targets.

| Scenario | Works? | Alternative | |----------|--------|-------------| | Native binary (x86_64 on x86_64) | ✅ | - | | Cross-arch under QEMU-user | ❌ | Use on-device frida-server | | Docker native-arch container | ✅ | - | | Docker cross-arch (emulated) | ❌ | Use on-device frida-server |

For cross-arch Frida, deploy frida-server to the target device:

bash
# On target device:
./frida-server &

# On host:
frida -H device:27042 -f ./binary -l hook.js --no-pause

Basic Hook

javascript
// hook_connect.js
Interceptor.attach(Module.findExportByName(null, "connect"), {
  onEnter: function(args) {
    console.log("[connect] Called");
    var sockaddr = args[1];
    var family = sockaddr.readU16();
    if (family == 2) { // AF_INET
      var port = sockaddr.add(2).readU16();
      var ip = sockaddr.add(4).readByteArray(4);
      console.log("  Port: " + ((port >> 8) | ((port & 0xff) << 8)));
      console.log("  IP: " + new Uint8Array(ip).join("."));
    }
  },
  onLeave: function(retval) {
    console.log("  Return: " + retval);
  }
});

bash
# Run with Frida
frida -f ./binary -l hook_connect.js --no-pause

Tracing All Calls to Library

javascript
// trace_libcurl.js
var libcurl = Process.findModuleByName("libcurl.so.4");
if (libcurl) {
  libcurl.enumerateExports().forEach(function(exp) {
    if (exp.type === "function") {
      Interceptor.attach(exp.address, {
        onEnter: function(args) {
          console.log("[" + exp.name + "] called");
        }
      });
    }
  });
}

Memory Inspection

javascript
// dump_memory.js
var base = Module.findBaseAddress("binary");
console.log("Base: " + base);

// Dump region
var data = base.add(0x1000).readByteArray(256);
console.log(hexdump(data, { offset: 0, length: 256 }));

Option D: Docker-Based Cross-Architecture (macOS)

Use Docker for cross-arch execution when native QEMU unavailable.

ARM32 Binary on macOS

bash
docker run --rm --platform linux/arm/v7 \
  -v ~/code/samples:/work:ro \
  arm32v7/debian:bullseye-slim \
  sh -c '
    # Fix linker path mismatch (common issue)
    ln -sf /lib/ld-linux-armhf.so.3 /lib/ld-linux.so.3 2>/dev/null || true

    # Install dependencies if needed (check rabin2 -l output)
    apt-get update -qq && apt-get install -qq -y libcap2 libacl1 2>/dev/null

    # Run with library debug output (strace alternative)
    LD_DEBUG=libs /work/binary args
  '

ARM64 Binary on macOS

bash
docker run --rm --platform linux/arm64 \
  -v ~/code/samples:/work:ro \
  arm64v8/debian:bullseye-slim \
  sh -c 'LD_DEBUG=libs /work/binary args'

x86 32-bit Binary on macOS

bash
docker run --rm --platform linux/i386 \
  -v ~/code/samples:/work:ro \
  i386/debian:bullseye-slim \
  sh -c '/work/binary args'

Tracing Limitations in Docker/QEMU User-Mode

| Method | Works? | Alternative | |--------|--------|-------------| | strace | ❌ (ptrace not implemented) | LD_DEBUG=files,libs | | ltrace | ❌ (same reason) | Direct observation or Frida | | gdb | ✓ (with QEMU -g flag) | N/A |

LD_DEBUG Options (strace alternative)

bash
LD_DEBUG=libs     # Library search and loading
LD_DEBUG=files    # File operations during loading
LD_DEBUG=symbols  # Symbol resolution
LD_DEBUG=bindings # Symbol binding details
LD_DEBUG=all      # Everything (verbose)

Option E: On-Device Analysis

When emulation fails or device-specific behavior needed.

Remote GDB via gdbserver

bash
# On target device (via SSH/ADB)
gdbserver :1234 ./binary

# On host (with port forward)
ssh -L 1234:localhost:1234 user@device &
gdb-multiarch -q \
  -ex "target remote localhost:1234" \
  ./binary

Remote strace (if available)

bash
# On target device
strace -f -o /tmp/trace.log ./binary

# Pull log
scp user@device:/tmp/trace.log .

Sandbox Configuration

Minimal Sandbox (nsjail)

bash
nsjail \
  --mode o \
  --chroot /sysroot \
  --user 65534 \
  --group 65534 \
  --disable_clone_newnet \
  --rlimit_as 512 \
  --time_limit 60 \
  -- /binary

QEMU with Resource Limits

bash
# CPU time limit
timeout 60 qemu-arm -L /sysroot -strace ./binary

# Memory limit via cgroup (requires setup)
cgexec -g memory:qemu_sandbox qemu-arm -L /sysroot ./binary

Anti-Analysis Detection

Before dynamic analysis, check for common anti-debugging/anti-analysis patterns:

Static Detection (Pre-Execution)

bash
# Check for anti-debug strings/imports
strings -a binary | grep -Ei 'ptrace|anti|debugger|seccomp|LD_PRELOAD|/proc/self'

# r2: Look for ptrace/prctl/seccomp imports
r2 -q -c 'iij' binary | jq '.[].name' | grep -Ei 'ptrace|prctl|seccomp'

# Common anti-analysis indicators:
# - ptrace(PTRACE_TRACEME) - Prevent debugger attach
# - prctl(PR_SET_DUMPABLE, 0) - Prevent core dumps
# - seccomp - Syscall filtering
# - /proc/self/status checks - Detect TracerPid

Runtime Detection

bash
# If native execution possible:
strace -f ./binary 2>&1 | grep -E 'ptrace|prctl|seccomp|/proc/self'

Mitigation Strategies

| Pattern | Detection | Bypass | |---------|-----------|--------| | ptrace(TRACEME) | Returns EPERM if debugger attached | Patch call to NOP, use QEMU | | /proc/self/status check | Reads TracerPid field | Use QEMU (no /proc emulation) | | Timing checks | gettimeofday/rdtsc loops | Single-step with GDB, patch checks | | Self-checksum | Reads own binary/memory | Compute expected checksum, patch |

When anti-analysis detected: Prefer QEMU-strace over GDB (fewer detection vectors), or patch checks in r2 before execution.

Error Recovery

| Error | Cause | Solution | |-------|-------|----------| | Unsupported syscall | QEMU limitation | Try Qiling or on-device | | Invalid ELF image | Wrong arch/sysroot | Verify file output | | Segfault at 0x0 | Missing library | Check ldd equivalent | | QEMU hangs | Blocking on I/O | Add timeout, check strace | | Anti-debugging | Detection code | Use Frida stalker mode | | exec format error in Docker | binfmt not registered | Run tonistiigi/binfmt --install arm | | ld-linux.so.3 not found | Linker path mismatch | Create symlink in container | | libXXX.so not found | Missing dependency | apt install in container | | Empty mount in Docker | Colima /tmp issue | Use ~/ path instead of /tmp/ | | ptrace: Operation not permitted | strace in QEMU | Use LD_DEBUG instead |

Output Format

Record observations as structured data:

json
{
  "experiment": {
    "id": "exp_001",
    "method": "qemu_strace",
    "command": "qemu-arm -L /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf -strace ./binary",
    "duration_secs": 12,
    "exit_code": 0
  },
  "syscall_summary": {
    "network": {
      "socket": 2,
      "connect": 1,
      "send": 5,
      "recv": 3
    },
    "file": {
      "openat": 4,
      "read": 12,
      "close": 4
    }
  },
  "network_connections": [
    {
      "family": "AF_INET",
      "address": "192.168.1.100",
      "port": 8443,
      "protocol": "tcp"
    }
  ],
  "files_accessed": [
    {"path": "/etc/config.json", "mode": "read"},
    {"path": "/var/log/app.log", "mode": "write"}
  ],
  "hypotheses_tested": [
    {
      "hypothesis_id": "hyp_001",
      "result": "confirmed",
      "evidence": "connect() to 192.168.1.100:8443 observed"
    }
  ]
}

Knowledge Journaling

After dynamic analysis, record findings for episodic memory:

[BINARY-RE:dynamic] {filename} (sha256: {hash})

Execution method: {qemu-strace|qemu-gdb|frida|on-device}
DECISION: Approved execution with {sandbox_config} (rationale: {why_safe})

Runtime observations:
  FACT: Binary reads {path} (source: strace openat)
  FACT: Binary connects to {ip}:{port} (source: strace connect)
  FACT: Binary writes to {path} (source: strace write)
  FACT: Function {addr} receives args {values} at runtime (source: gdb)

Syscall summary:
  Network: {socket|connect|send|recv counts}
  File: {open|read|write|close counts}
  Process: {fork|exec|clone counts}

HYPOTHESIS UPDATE: {confirmed or refined theory} (confidence: {new_value})
  Confirmed by: {runtime observation}
  Contradicted by: {if any}

New questions:
  QUESTION: {runtime-discovered unknown}

Answered questions:
  RESOLVED: {question} → {runtime evidence}

Example Journal Entry

[BINARY-RE:dynamic] thermostat_daemon (sha256: a1b2c3d4...)

Execution method: qemu-strace
DECISION: Approved execution with network-blocked sandbox (rationale: static analysis shows outbound only, no server)

Runtime observations:
  FACT: Binary reads /etc/thermostat.conf at startup (source: strace openat)
  FACT: Binary attempts connect to 93.184.216.34:443 (source: strace connect)
  FACT: Binary writes to /var/log/thermostat.log (source: strace openat O_WRONLY)
  FACT: sleep(30) called between network attempts (source: strace nanosleep)

Syscall summary:
  Network: socket(2), connect(1-blocked), send(0), recv(0)
  File: openat(4), read(12), write(8), close(4)
  Process: none

HYPOTHESIS UPDATE: Telemetry client confirmed - reads config, attempts HTTPS to thermco servers every 30s (confidence: 0.95)
  Confirmed by: connect() to expected IP, sleep(30) timing, config file read
  Contradicted by: none

Answered questions:
  RESOLVED: "Does it actually phone home?" → Yes, connect() to 93.184.216.34:443 observed
  RESOLVED: "What files does it access?" → /etc/thermostat.conf (read), /var/log/thermostat.log (write)

Next Steps

→ binary-re-synthesis to compile findings into report → Additional static analysis if new functions identified → Repeat with different inputs if behavior varies