Implementing Infrastructure as Code Security Scanning

When to Use

• When provisioning cloud infrastructure with Terraform, CloudFormation, or Pulumi and needing automated security validation
• When compliance frameworks require evidence of infrastructure configuration review before deployment
• When preventing common cloud misconfigurations like public S3 buckets, open security groups, or unencrypted storage
• When establishing guardrails that block insecure infrastructure changes in pull requests
• When managing multi-cloud environments requiring consistent security policies across AWS, Azure, and GCP

Do not use for scanning application source code (use SAST), for monitoring already-deployed infrastructure drift (use cloud security posture management tools), or for container image vulnerability scanning (use Trivy).

Prerequisites

• Checkov v3.x installed (pip install checkov) or tfsec installed
• Terraform, CloudFormation, or Kubernetes IaC files in the repository
• CI/CD pipeline with access to IaC directories
• Bridgecrew API key (optional, for Checkov platform integration)

Workflow

Step 1: Run Checkov Against Terraform Files

bash
# Scan all Terraform files in a directory
checkov -d ./terraform/ --framework terraform --output cli --output json --output-file-path ./results

# Scan specific file
checkov -f main.tf --output json

# Scan Terraform plan (more accurate for dynamic values)
terraform init && terraform plan -out=tfplan
terraform show -json tfplan > tfplan.json
checkov -f tfplan.json --framework terraform_plan

# Scan with specific checks only
checkov -d ./terraform/ --check CKV_AWS_18,CKV_AWS_19,CKV_AWS_20

# Skip specific checks
checkov -d ./terraform/ --skip-check CKV_AWS_145,CKV2_AWS_6

Step 2: Integrate IaC Scanning into GitHub Actions

yaml
# .github/workflows/iac-security.yml
name: IaC Security Scan

on:
  pull_request:
    paths:
      - 'terraform/**'
      - 'cloudformation/**'
      - 'k8s/**'

jobs:
  checkov:
    name: Checkov IaC Scan
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Run Checkov
        uses: bridgecrewio/checkov-action@v12
        with:
          directory: terraform/
          framework: terraform
          output_format: cli,sarif
          output_file_path: console,checkov.sarif
          soft_fail: false
          skip_check: CKV_AWS_145

      - name: Upload SARIF
        if: always()
        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@v3
        with:
          sarif_file: checkov.sarif
          category: checkov-iac

  tfsec:
    name: tfsec Scan
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Run tfsec
        uses: aquasecurity/tfsec-action@v1.0.3
        with:
          working_directory: terraform/
          sarif_file: tfsec.sarif
          soft_fail: false

      - name: Upload SARIF
        if: always()
        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@v3
        with:
          sarif_file: tfsec.sarif
          category: tfsec

Step 3: Create Custom Checkov Policies

python
# custom_checks/s3_versioning.py
from checkov.terraform.checks.resource.base_resource_check import BaseResourceCheck
from checkov.common.models.enums import CheckResult, CheckCategories


class S3BucketVersioning(BaseResourceCheck):
    def __init__(self):
        name = "Ensure S3 bucket has versioning enabled"
        id = "CKV_CUSTOM_1"
        supported_resources = ["aws_s3_bucket"]
        categories = [CheckCategories.GENERAL_SECURITY]
        super().__init__(name=name, id=id, categories=categories,
                         supported_resources=supported_resources)

    def scan_resource_conf(self, conf):
        versioning = conf.get("versioning", [{}])
        if isinstance(versioning, list) and len(versioning) > 0:
            if versioning[0].get("enabled", [False])[0]:
                return CheckResult.PASSED
        return CheckResult.FAILED


check = S3BucketVersioning()

Step 4: Configure Baseline and Suppressions

yaml
# .checkov.yaml
branch: main
compact: true
directory:
  - terraform/
  - cloudformation/
framework:
  - terraform
  - cloudformation
  - kubernetes
output:
  - cli
  - sarif
skip-check:
  - CKV_AWS_145    # S3 default encryption with CMK (using SSE-S3 is acceptable)
  - CKV2_AWS_6     # S3 bucket request logging (handled at CloudTrail level)
soft-fail: false

Step 5: Scan Kubernetes Manifests and Helm Charts

bash
# Scan Kubernetes manifests
checkov -d ./k8s/ --framework kubernetes

# Scan Helm charts (renders templates first)
checkov -d ./charts/myapp/ --framework helm

# Scan with KICS (Keeping Infrastructure as Code Secure)
docker run -v $(pwd)/k8s:/path checkmarx/kics:latest scan \
  --path /path \
  --output-path /path/results \
  --type Kubernetes \
  --report-formats json,sarif

Key Concepts

| Term | Definition | |------|------------| | IaC Scanning | Automated analysis of infrastructure code templates to detect security misconfigurations before deployment | | Policy as Code | Security policies defined as executable code that can be version-controlled, tested, and enforced automatically | | CKV Check ID | Checkov's unique identifier for each security check (e.g., CKV_AWS_18 for S3 public access) | | Terraform Plan Scanning | Scanning the resolved Terraform plan JSON which includes computed values and module expansions | | Graph-based Scanning | Checkov's ability to analyze relationships between resources, not just individual resource configs | | Drift Detection | Identifying differences between IaC definitions and actual deployed infrastructure state | | Custom Policy | Organization-specific security checks authored in Python or YAML to enforce internal standards |

Tools & Systems

• Checkov: Open-source IaC scanner by Bridgecrew with 2500+ built-in policies covering major cloud providers
• tfsec: Terraform-focused static analysis tool by Aqua Security with deep HCL understanding
• KICS: Open-source IaC scanner by Checkmarx supporting 15+ IaC frameworks
• Terrascan: IaC scanner with OPA Rego policy support for custom policy authoring
• Snyk IaC: Commercial IaC scanner integrated with the Snyk platform

Common Scenarios

Scenario: Preventing Public S3 Buckets in Terraform

Context: A development team repeatedly creates S3 buckets without proper access controls. A recent incident exposed customer data through a public bucket.

Approach:

1. Enable Checkov in the CI/CD pipeline for all Terraform changes
2. Enforce CKV_AWS_18 (no public read ACL), CKV_AWS_19 (encryption), CKV_AWS_20 (no public access block disabled)
3. Create a custom policy requiring the aws_s3_bucket_public_access_block resource for every S3 bucket
4. Set soft_fail: false to block PR merges when S3 security checks fail
5. Provide Terraform modules with security defaults that teams can reuse

Pitfalls: Scanning only .tf files misses dynamically computed values. Use Terraform plan scanning for higher accuracy. Checkov's resource-relationship checks (CKV2 prefix) require graph analysis mode.

Output Format

IaC Security Scan Report
==========================
Framework: Terraform
Directory: terraform/
Scan Date: 2026-02-23

Checkov Results:
  Passed: 187
  Failed: 12
  Skipped: 3
  Unknown: 0

FAILED CHECKS:
  CKV_AWS_18  [HIGH]   S3 Bucket has public read ACL
              Resource: aws_s3_bucket.data_lake
              File:     terraform/storage.tf:15-28

  CKV_AWS_24  [HIGH]   CloudWatch log group not encrypted
              Resource: aws_cloudwatch_log_group.app
              File:     terraform/monitoring.tf:3-8

  CKV_AWS_79  [MEDIUM] Instance metadata service v1 enabled
              Resource: aws_instance.web
              File:     terraform/compute.tf:12-30

QUALITY GATE: FAILED (2 HIGH severity findings)