Azure Data Lake Storage Gen2 SDK for Python

Hierarchical file system for big data analytics workloads.

Installation

bash
pip install azure-storage-file-datalake azure-identity

Environment Variables

bash
AZURE_STORAGE_ACCOUNT_URL=https://<account>.dfs.core.windows.net  # Required for all auth methods
AZURE_TOKEN_CREDENTIALS=prod # Required only if DefaultAzureCredential is used in production

Authentication & Lifecycle

> 🔑 Two rules apply to every code sample below: > > 1. Prefer DefaultAzureCredential. It works locally (Azure CLI / VS Code / Developer CLI) and in Azure (managed identity, workload identity) with no code change. Avoid connection strings, account/API keys — they bypass Entra audit and rotation. > - Local dev: DefaultAzureCredential works as-is. > - Production: set AZURE_TOKEN_CREDENTIALS=prod (or AZURE_TOKEN_CREDENTIALS=<specific_credential>) to constrain the credential chain to production-safe credentials. > 2. Wrap every client in a context manager so HTTP transports, sockets, and token caches are released deterministically: > - Sync: with <Client>(...) as client: > - Async: async with <Client>(...) as client: and async with DefaultAzureCredential() as credential: (from azure.identity.aio) > > Snippets may abbreviate this setup, but production code should always follow both rules.

python
from azure.identity import DefaultAzureCredential, ManagedIdentityCredential
from azure.storage.filedatalake import DataLakeServiceClient

# Local dev: DefaultAzureCredential. Production: set AZURE_TOKEN_CREDENTIALS=prod or AZURE_TOKEN_CREDENTIALS=<specific_credential>
credential = DefaultAzureCredential(require_envvar=True)
# Or use a specific credential directly in production:
# See https://learn.microsoft.com/python/api/overview/azure/identity-readme?view=azure-python#credential-classes
# credential = ManagedIdentityCredential()
account_url = "https://<account>.dfs.core.windows.net"

with DataLakeServiceClient(account_url=account_url, credential=credential) as service_client:
    # Use service_client here (see following sections for operations)
    ...

Client Hierarchy

| Client | Purpose | |--------|---------| | DataLakeServiceClient | Account-level operations | | FileSystemClient | Container (file system) operations | | DataLakeDirectoryClient | Directory operations | | DataLakeFileClient | File operations |

File System Operations

python
# Create file system (container)
file_system_client = service_client.create_file_system("myfilesystem")

# Get existing
file_system_client = service_client.get_file_system_client("myfilesystem")

# Delete
service_client.delete_file_system("myfilesystem")

# List file systems
for fs in service_client.list_file_systems():
    print(fs.name)

Directory Operations

python
file_system_client = service_client.get_file_system_client("myfilesystem")

# Create directory
directory_client = file_system_client.create_directory("mydir")

# Create nested directories
directory_client = file_system_client.create_directory("path/to/nested/dir")

# Get directory client
directory_client = file_system_client.get_directory_client("mydir")

# Delete directory
directory_client.delete_directory()

# Rename/move directory
directory_client.rename_directory(new_name="myfilesystem/newname")

File Operations

Upload File

python
# Get file client
file_client = file_system_client.get_file_client("path/to/file.txt")

# Upload from local file
with open("local-file.txt", "rb") as data:
    file_client.upload_data(data, overwrite=True)

# Upload bytes
file_client.upload_data(b"Hello, Data Lake!", overwrite=True)

# Append data (for large files)
file_client.append_data(data=b"chunk1", offset=0, length=6)
file_client.append_data(data=b"chunk2", offset=6, length=6)
file_client.flush_data(12)  # Commit the data

Download File

python
file_client = file_system_client.get_file_client("path/to/file.txt")

# Download all content
download = file_client.download_file()
content = download.readall()

# Download to file
with open("downloaded.txt", "wb") as f:
    download = file_client.download_file()
    download.readinto(f)

# Download range
download = file_client.download_file(offset=0, length=100)

Delete File

python
file_client.delete_file()

List Contents

python
# List paths (files and directories)
for path in file_system_client.get_paths():
    print(f"{'DIR' if path.is_directory else 'FILE'}: {path.name}")

# List paths in directory
for path in file_system_client.get_paths(path="mydir"):
    print(path.name)

# Recursive listing
for path in file_system_client.get_paths(path="mydir", recursive=True):
    print(path.name)

File/Directory Properties

python
# Get properties
properties = file_client.get_file_properties()
print(f"Size: {properties.size}")
print(f"Last modified: {properties.last_modified}")

# Set metadata
file_client.set_metadata(metadata={"processed": "true"})

Access Control (ACL)

python
# Get ACL
acl = directory_client.get_access_control()
print(f"Owner: {acl['owner']}")
print(f"Permissions: {acl['permissions']}")

# Set ACL
directory_client.set_access_control(
    owner="user-id",
    permissions="rwxr-x---"
)

# Update ACL entries
from azure.storage.filedatalake import AccessControlChangeResult
directory_client.update_access_control_recursive(
    acl="user:user-id:rwx"
)

Async Client

python
from azure.storage.filedatalake.aio import DataLakeServiceClient
from azure.identity.aio import DefaultAzureCredential

async def datalake_operations():
    async with DefaultAzureCredential() as credential:
        async with DataLakeServiceClient(
            account_url="https://<account>.dfs.core.windows.net",
            credential=credential
        ) as service_client:
            file_system_client = service_client.get_file_system_client("myfilesystem")
            file_client = file_system_client.get_file_client("test.txt")
            
            await file_client.upload_data(b"async content", overwrite=True)
            
            download = await file_client.download_file()
            content = await download.readall()

import asyncio
asyncio.run(datalake_operations())

Best Practices

1. Pick sync OR async and stay consistent. Do not mix azure.storage.filedatalake sync clients with azure.storage.filedatalake.aio async clients in the same call path. Choose one mode per module.
2. Always use context managers for clients and async credentials. Wrap every client in with DataLakeServiceClient(...) as client: (sync) or async with DataLakeServiceClient(...) as client: (async). For async DefaultAzureCredential from azure.identity.aio, also use async with credential: so tokens and transports are cleaned up.
3. Use DefaultAzureCredential for portable auth across local dev and Azure (avoid connection strings / API keys when possible).
4. Use hierarchical namespace for file system semantics
5. Use append_data + flush_data for large file uploads
6. Set ACLs at directory level and inherit to children
7. Use async client for high-throughput scenarios
8. Use get_paths with recursive=True for full directory listing
9. Set metadata for custom file attributes
10. Consider Blob API for simple object storage use cases

Reference Files

| File | Contents | |------|----------| | references/capabilities.md | Additional non-hero capabilities, operation-group coverage, and production checklists. | | references/non-hero-scenarios.md | Dedicated non-hero examples for secondary/advanced scenarios. |