Detox Mobile Testing

This skill makes an AI agent write and run Detox gray-box E2E tests for React Native apps: configure .detoxrc.js for iOS simulators and Android emulators, build test binaries, write tests with element(by.id(...)) matchers, control the app lifecycle with device.launchApp, and lean on Detox's automatic synchronization instead of sleeps. Trigger it in React Native repositories containing an e2e/ directory, detox in package.json, or when the user asks for end-to-end tests on iOS/Android simulators.

Core Principles

1. Detox is gray-box: it waits for the app to be idle. Detox monitors the JS event loop, network requests, timers, and animations, and only acts when the app is quiescent. Trust this; almost every sleep() in a Detox suite is a bug.
2. Match by testID, never by text or traversal. Text changes with copy edits and localization; view hierarchy changes with refactors. Add testID="login-button" props in the app code as part of writing the test.
3. Test release builds. Dev builds bundle the dev menu, yellow boxes, and a Metro dependency that makes timing unrealistic. CI must run assembleRelease / -configuration Release binaries.
4. Each test starts from a known app state. Use device.launchApp({ newInstance: true }) or device.reloadReactNative() in beforeEach; tests that depend on the previous test's screen are unmaintainable.
5. Handle permissions at launch, not with dialog-clicking. device.launchApp({ permissions: { notifications: 'YES', location: 'inuse' } }) sets iOS permissions deterministically; tapping system dialogs is flaky and Detox cannot see them anyway.
6. Disable synchronization only as a last resort, and re-enable immediately. Endless animations (spinners, maps, video) can keep the app permanently busy; scope device.disableSynchronization() to the smallest possible window.

Setup

bash
npm install --save-dev detox jest @types/jest
# iOS dependency for simulator control
brew tap wix/brew
brew install applesimutils
# Scaffold e2e/ folder and config
npx detox init

.detoxrc.js

js
// .detoxrc.js
/** @type {Detox.DetoxConfig} */
module.exports = {
  testRunner: {
    args: {
      config: 'e2e/jest.config.js',
      _: ['e2e'],
    },
    jest: { setupTimeout: 120000 },
  },
  apps: {
    'ios.release': {
      type: 'ios.app',
      binaryPath: 'ios/build/Build/Products/Release-iphonesimulator/ShopApp.app',
      build:
        'xcodebuild -workspace ios/ShopApp.xcworkspace -scheme ShopApp -configuration Release -sdk iphonesimulator -derivedDataPath ios/build',
    },
    'android.release': {
      type: 'android.apk',
      binaryPath: 'android/app/build/outputs/apk/release/app-release.apk',
      build:
        'cd android && ./gradlew assembleRelease assembleAndroidTest -DtestBuildType=release && cd ..',
    },
  },
  devices: {
    simulator: { type: 'ios.simulator', device: { type: 'iPhone 15' } },
    emulator: { type: 'android.emulator', device: { avdName: 'Pixel_7_API_34' } },
  },
  configurations: {
    'ios.sim.release': { device: 'simulator', app: 'ios.release' },
    'android.emu.release': { device: 'emulator', app: 'android.release' },
  },
};

Build, then test

bash
npx detox build --configuration ios.sim.release
npx detox test --configuration ios.sim.release --cleanup

npx detox build --configuration android.emu.release
npx detox test --configuration android.emu.release --headless --record-logs failing

Patterns

1. Login flow with matchers and lifecycle control

js
// e2e/login.test.js
describe('Login', () => {
  beforeAll(async () => {
    await device.launchApp({
      newInstance: true,
      permissions: { notifications: 'YES' },
    });
  });

  beforeEach(async () => {
    await device.reloadReactNative();
  });

  it('logs in with valid credentials', async () => {
    await element(by.id('email-input')).typeText('qa@example.com');
    await element(by.id('password-input')).typeText('Str0ngPass!');
    await element(by.id('login-button')).tap();

    await expect(element(by.id('home-screen'))).toBeVisible();
    await expect(element(by.text('Welcome back'))).toBeVisible();
  });

  it('shows a validation error for a bad password', async () => {
    await element(by.id('email-input')).typeText('qa@example.com');
    await element(by.id('password-input')).typeText('nope');
    await element(by.id('login-button')).tap();

    await expect(element(by.id('login-error'))).toHaveText('Invalid email or password');
    await expect(element(by.id('home-screen'))).not.toBeVisible();
  });
});

2. Explicit waits and scrolling for late content

js
// e2e/orders.test.js
it('renders orders fetched from the API', async () => {
  await element(by.id('tab-orders')).tap();

  // Wait for async content beyond the automatic idle sync
  await waitFor(element(by.id('orders-list')))
    .toBeVisible()
    .withTimeout(10000);

  // Scroll inside the list until a row appears
  await waitFor(element(by.text('Order #1042')))
    .toBeVisible()
    .whileElement(by.id('orders-list'))
    .scroll(250, 'down');

  await element(by.text('Order #1042')).tap();
  await expect(element(by.id('order-detail-screen'))).toBeVisible();
});

3. Deep links, backgrounding, and multi-instance launches

js
// e2e/deeplink.test.js
it('opens a product from a deep link', async () => {
  await device.launchApp({
    newInstance: true,
    url: 'shopapp://products/SKU-1042',
  });
  await expect(element(by.id('product-screen'))).toBeVisible();
  await expect(element(by.id('product-sku'))).toHaveText('SKU-1042');
});

it('survives backgrounding mid-checkout', async () => {
  await element(by.id('checkout-button')).tap();
  await device.sendToHome();
  await device.launchApp({ newInstance: false });
  await expect(element(by.id('checkout-screen'))).toBeVisible();
});

4. GitHub Actions: iOS simulator on macOS runners

yaml
# .github/workflows/detox-ios.yml
name: detox-ios
on: [pull_request]

jobs:
  ios-e2e:
    runs-on: macos-14
    timeout-minutes: 45
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
        with:
          node-version: 20
          cache: npm
      - run: npm ci
      - run: cd ios && pod install && cd ..
      - name: Install simulator utils
        run: brew tap wix/brew && brew install applesimutils
      - name: Build app for Detox
        run: npx detox build --configuration ios.sim.release
      - name: Run Detox tests
        run: npx detox test --configuration ios.sim.release --cleanup --record-videos failing --take-screenshots failing
      - name: Upload failure artifacts
        if: failure()
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: detox-artifacts
          path: artifacts

Best Practices

• Add testID props during feature development, not retroactively; treat a missing testID as a review comment.
• Keep e2e/jest.config.js separate from the unit-test Jest config (maxWorkers: 1, longer timeouts, Detox environment).
• Use --record-videos failing --take-screenshots failing in CI so every red test ships with visual evidence.
• Reset app state through launch arguments your app understands (for example a detoxEnableMockServer flag) rather than tapping through logout flows in every test.
• Run Android tests headless in CI (--headless) and pin the AVD image version; emulator image drift is a top source of "works locally" failures.
• Quarantine the rare animation-heavy screen with device.disableSynchronization() plus waitFor(...).withTimeout(...), then device.enableSynchronization() in a finally block.

Anti-Patterns

• await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 5000)) between steps: Detox's synchronization already waits for idle; sleeps only slow the suite and mask real sync bugs.
• Matching by by.text() for anything that will be localized or copy-edited.
• Testing against a debug build connected to Metro in CI, then wondering why timing differs from production.
• One mega-test that logs in, browses, checks out, and edits the profile; when step 14 fails you re-run 13 steps to debug it.
• Asserting on internal state via custom native modules instead of what is visible on screen.
• Skipping --cleanup, leaving zombie simulators that exhaust CI runner disk and memory.

When to Trigger This Skill

• A React Native repository contains detox in devDependencies, a .detoxrc.js, or an e2e/ folder with Detox tests.
• The user asks for E2E tests of a React Native app on the iOS simulator or Android emulator.
• Flaky mobile tests full of sleeps need migration to synchronized Detox waits.
• A mobile CI pipeline (GitHub Actions macOS runner, Android emulator job) needs to build and run device tests.
• Prefer Detox for React Native projects; recommend Appium or Maestro instead for native-only apps or teams that want black-box, framework-agnostic flows.