▸case-01 We are designing a multi-robot warehouse system where 20 AMR robots need optimal, conflict-free paths on a grid network without deadlocks. A team member suggested running standard A* independently for each robot and rerouting on collision. What multi-agent path planning algorithm should be used to guarantee optimal, conflict-free paths across the fleet? | pass→pass | 14,370 | 53,032 | +269% | 1 | 1 | 0% | 2,540 | 4,682 | +84% | 0 | 0 | — |
▸case-02 We are building a distributed fleet of 15 autonomous mobile robots running ROS 1 across multiple Wi-Fi subnets. The current setup attempts to run all nodes against a single central ROS master over lossy wireless connections, causing master dropouts. What ROS package framework should be implemented to connect independent ROS masters across the fleet? | pass→pass | 15,872 | 15,125 | -5% | 1 | 1 | 0% | 2,749 | 2,956 | +8% | 0 | 0 | — |
▸case-03 In a dynamic factory floor with 30 mobile robots operating in close proximity, using Dynamic Window Approach (DWA) individually on each robot causes jitter and deadlock when robots meet head-on. What reciprocal multi-agent collision avoidance algorithm should be configured so each robot computes collision-free velocities assuming other agents follow identical rules? | pass→pass | 12,875 | 32,491 | +152% | 1 | 1 | 0% | 2,002 | 5,374 | +168% | 0 | 0 | — |
▸case-04 We need to dynamically allocate incoming material handling tasks to a fleet of 50 mobile robots in a dynamic facility where robot availability changes constantly. An engineer suggested using a centralized batch Hungarian algorithm recalculating every minute, but network latency causes task assignment failures. What market-inspired allocation scheme should be implemented where robots bid on tasks based on local costs? | pass→pass | 22,149 | 26,013 | +17% | 1 | 1 | 0% | 3,208 | 4,533 | +41% | 0 | 0 | — |
▸case-05 Our facility contains heterogeneous robots from different vendors that need standardized fleet management, traffic control, and door/lift infrastructure integration. An engineer proposed building custom HTTP REST wrappers from scratch for each robot brand. What open-source ROS 2 standardized fleet coordination framework should be integrated? | pass→pass | 11,648 | 16,619 | +43% | 1 | 1 | 0% | 1,935 | 3,087 | +60% | 0 | 0 | — |
▸case-06 We are deploying a fleet of ROS-based AGVs and need an open-source bridge package to connect our AGV fleet navigation stack directly into an Open-RMF traffic management layer. Instead of writing custom WebSocket adapters, which open-source fleet bridge package designed for ROS-based fleets should be configured? | pass→pass | 10,596 | 14,557 | +37% | 1 | 1 | 0% | 1,894 | 3,091 | +63% | 0 | 0 | — |
▸case-07 In an automated hospital delivery fleet, emergency medical supply robots must navigate without stopping, while routine laundry delivery robots must yield path priority without triggering global path recalculations for the entire fleet. Standard unweighted CBS treats all agents with equal priority, leading to high computation time. What multi-agent path planning method should be implemented to sequentially plan paths in order of agent priority? | fail→pass | 10,273 | 20,015 | +95% | 1 | 1 | 0% | 1,748 | 3,349 | +92% | 0 | 0 | — |
▸case-08 Two quadrupeds need to carry a rigid physical payload together across a warehouse, maintaining exact relative distance and orientation relative to a virtual leader trajectory without relying on a centralized controller. What multi-robot control architecture should be configured to maintain synchronized spatial geometry using relative neighbor state exchange? | pass→pass | 20,824 | 38,297 | +84% | 1 | 1 | 0% | 3,425 | 6,157 | +80% | 0 | 0 | — |
▸case-09 A swarm of ocean surface survey vessels needs to agree on a global environmental map parameter without communicating with a ground control server or relying on a single leader node. An engineer suggested electing a master node via Raft consensus. What decentralized multi-agent control and estimation protocol should be used to achieve state agreement across the network via local inter-robot communication? | pass→pass | 18,640 | 19,822 | +6% | 1 | 1 | 0% | 2,728 | 3,894 | +43% | 0 | 0 | — |
▸case-10 In a fulfillment center with narrow aisles where two AMRs cannot pass each other, deadlock occurs frequently when robots enter the aisle simultaneously from opposite ends. How should traffic management zones be configured to prevent bi-directional collisions in constrained physical passageways? | fail→pass | 16,405 | 21,100 | +29% | 1 | 1 | 0% | 2,644 | 3,862 | +46% | 0 | 0 | — |
▸case-11 When setting up multimaster_fkie across 10 mobile robots on a lossy Wi-Fi network, publishing high-frequency point cloud topics over the multi-master bridge causes total Wi-Fi network saturation. How should topic synchronization be configured in the multi-master node manager to prevent network flooding? | pass→pass | 19,240 | 19,721 | +3% | 1 | 1 | 0% | 3,085 | 3,621 | +17% | 0 | 0 | — |
▸case-12 We are developing a fleet adapter python node to integrate custom AGVs into an Open-RMF deployment. The fleet management service needs to update Open-RMF on each robot's location, battery level, and execution status. What core ROS 2 interface component in Open-RMF is used to feed robot status updates into the schedule database? | pass→pass | 13,971 | 14,649 | +5% | 1 | 1 | 0% | 2,049 | 2,976 | +45% | 0 | 0 | — |
▸case-13 When implementing ORCA (Optimal Reciprocal Collision Avoidance) for 2D mobile robots, an engineer tries to compute collision avoidance in position space by offsetting geometric path waypoints. In what mathematical domain does ORCA compute allowed multi-agent collision-free actions? | pass→pass | 5,919 | 10,708 | +81% | 1 | 1 | 0% | 1,112 | 1,873 | +68% | 0 | 0 | — |
▸case-14 In a multi-robot picking warehouse, 50 tasks are posted simultaneously. Instead of a centralized solver solving a large-scale Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) which scales exponentially, how should a market-based auction protocol iteratively allocate tasks to minimize fleet travel distance? | pass→pass | 21,189 | 22,903 | +8% | 1 | 1 | 0% | 3,040 | 4,530 | +49% | 0 | 0 | — |
▸case-15 When implementing Conflict-Based Search (CBS) for multi-agent path planning, how does the algorithm split the search problem into two distinct levels to achieve optimality? | pass→pass | 17,412 | 20,756 | +19% | 1 | 1 | 0% | 3,026 | 3,436 | +14% | 0 | 0 | — |
▸case-16 In a free_fleet deployment connecting ROS 1 / ROS 2 robots to an Open-RMF server, what messaging protocol or library does free_fleet use to exchange state and command messages between client nodes on the robots and the server adapter across the network? | pass→pass | 11,412 | 7,996 | -30% | 1 | 1 | 0% | 1,898 | 1,588 | -16% | 0 | 0 | — |
▸case-17 In an automated logistics hub running multi-agent path planning, a robot gets delayed by a human worker standing in its path for 15 seconds. If the rest of the fleet continues along their pre-computed schedules, collisions or deadlocks occur downstream. How should the fleet management system handle unexpected schedule delays without invalidating the entire global schedule? | fail→fail | 17,892 | 20,236 | +13% | 1 | 1 | 0% | 2,739 | 3,463 | +26% | 0 | 0 | — |
▸case-18 When designing a market-based task allocation system for a fleet of AGVs with varying battery state-of-charge and location, how should individual robot bidding values be calculated? | pass→pass | 141,437 | 20,055 | -86% | 1 | 1 | 0% | 3,363 | 3,950 | +17% | 0 | 0 | — |
▸case-19 In distributed consensus-based formation control for multi-agent systems, what algebraic graph theory matrix is used to model communication topology and guarantee global convergence of agent relative positions? | pass→pass | 8,955 | 9,243 | +3% | 1 | 1 | 0% | 1,314 | 1,815 | +38% | 0 | 0 | — |
▸case-20 In an Open-RMF fleet management deployment, two robots approaching an intersection from perpendicular lanes both request access to the same zone resource. What mechanism in Open-RMF coordinates lane claim reservations to prevent deadlock? | pass→pass | 13,255 | 14,182 | +7% | 1 | 1 | 0% | 1,881 | 2,316 | +23% | 0 | 0 | — |
▸case-21 In multimaster_fkie, how do independent ROS masters on the same local network automatically detect each other's presence without hardcoding static IP addresses for every robot? | pass→pass | 11,665 | 10,645 | -9% | 1 | 1 | 0% | 1,921 | 2,083 | +8% | 0 | 0 | — |
▸case-22 In Reciprocal Velocity Obstacle (RVO) avoidance, what geometric shape in relative velocity space represents the set of all relative velocities that will result in a collision between two circular agents within a time horizon? | pass→pass | 13,461 | 9,719 | -28% | 1 | 1 | 0% | 1,988 | 2,030 | +2% | 0 | 0 | — |
▸case-23 In Conflict-Based Search (CBS), what specific elements are stored inside each node of the high-level constraint search tree? | pass→pass | 11,372 | 8,514 | -25% | 1 | 1 | 0% | 2,133 | 1,720 | -19% | 0 | 0 | — |
▸case-24 We are programming a 6-DOF industrial robot arm to follow a smooth joint space trajectory between two Cartesian target poses while respecting joint velocity and acceleration limits. What trajectory generation method or time-optimal parameterization should be used for this single manipulator? | pass→pass | 16,673 | 14,757 | -11% | 1 | 1 | 0% | 2,897 | 2,767 | -4% | 0 | 0 | — |
▸case-25 We are developing a visual SLAM system for a single handheld augmented reality device with a single camera. How should scale ambiguity be resolved during initial map bootstrapping without external sensors? | pass→pass | 19,485 | 19,945 | +2% | 1 | 1 | 0% | 2,972 | 3,220 | +8% | 0 | 0 | — |
▸case-26 We are designing low-level firmware for a brushless DC motor driver on a single AMR wheel hub. How should the high-frequency current control loop be structured to regulate motor torque based on phase current feedback? | pass→pass | 26,271 | 27,127 | +3% | 1 | 1 | 0% | 4,296 | 5,159 | +20% | 0 | 0 | — |