Liquid Glass Design

Implement Apple's Liquid Glass design language across all Apple UI frameworks. Covers SwiftUI (.glassEffect()), AppKit (NSGlassEffectView), UIKit (UIGlassEffect + UIVisualEffectView), and WidgetKit (rendering modes, accented content, glass elements in widgets).

When This Skill Activates

• User wants glass/blur effects on views
• User asks about Liquid Glass or modern Apple design
• User needs transparent, interactive UI elements
• User wants morphing transitions between views
• User is implementing glass effects in UIKit with UIVisualEffectView
• User needs UIGlassEffect or UIGlassContainerEffect
• User asks about scroll view edge effects in UIKit
• User wants Liquid Glass in widgets (WidgetKit)
• User needs to support accented rendering mode in widgets
• User asks about widget textures or mounting styles on visionOS

Design Rules (WWDC25)

Liquid Glass is the material of the navigation layer — bars, toolbars, floating controls — never the content layer (tables, lists, rows in a scroll view).

| Rule | Detail | |------|--------| | Never glass on glass | Don't stack glass. Elements sitting ON glass don't get the material again — style them with fills and vibrancy. | | Two variants — never mix them | Regular (default): works at any size, over anything, with adaptive legibility. Clear: only when ALL three hold — media-rich content underneath, a dimming layer is acceptable, and bold bright content sits above. Clear has no adaptive behaviors. One variant per interface. | | Tint only primary actions | "When every element is tinted, nothing stands out." | | No steady-state intersections | In resting layouts, content shouldn't sit half-under a glass element — reposition or scale the content instead. | | Strip decorated bars | Remove customized bar backgrounds and borders; build hierarchy through layout and grouping, not decoration. Never group a symbol with a text label in one toolbar group. Action sheets spring from their source element. |

Scroll edge effects keep floating elements separated from scrolling content: soft (gradual fade — the iOS default) vs hard (denser, with a dividing line — mostly macOS). One per view edge, and they're not decorative — don't add one where no floating UI elements exist.

Shape system — let containers do the math:

| Shape | Radius | Use | |-------|--------|-----| | Fixed | Constant | Standalone elements | | Capsule | Half the element height | Phone-scale controls — add extra margin from the screen edge | | Concentric | Parent radius minus padding | Nested containers (inner radii auto-calculate); iPad/Mac elements concentric with the window edge |

Accessibility comes free at the system level: Reduced Motion decreases lensing and elastic effects; Increased Contrast renders glass elements black/white with a contrasting border. (Lensing is how glass appears — it materializes by modulating how it bends light, and adaptive shadows flip small elements light/dark for legibility over any content.)

Quick Start (SwiftUI)

Basic Glass Effect

swift
import SwiftUI

Text("Hello, World!")
    .font(.title)
    .padding()
    .glassEffect()  // Capsule shape by default

Custom Shape

swift
Text("Hello")
    .padding()
    .glassEffect(in: .rect(cornerRadius: 16))

// Available shapes:
// .capsule (default)
// .rect(cornerRadius: CGFloat)
// .rect(corner: .containerConcentric) — radius derived from the container, keeps nested shapes concentric
// .circle

Interactive Glass

swift
Button("Tap Me") {
    // action
}
.padding()
.glassEffect(.regular.interactive())

Tinted Glass

swift
Text("Important")
    .padding()
    .glassEffect(.regular.tint(.blue))

Glass Configuration Options

| Option | Description | Example | |--------|-------------|---------| | .regular | Standard glass effect | .glassEffect(.regular) | | .tint(Color) | Add color tint | .glassEffect(.regular.tint(.orange)) | | .interactive() | Scale, bounce, and shimmer on touch/hover | .glassEffect(.regular.interactive()) |

Multiple Glass Effects

GlassEffectContainer

When using multiple glass elements, wrap them in GlassEffectContainer for:

• Better rendering performance
• Proper blending between effects
• Morphing transitions

This is correctness, not just performance: glass can not sample other glass, so nearby glass elements must share ONE container to render and blend correctly.

swift
GlassEffectContainer(spacing: 40.0) {
    HStack(spacing: 40.0) {
        Image(systemName: "star.fill")
            .frame(width: 80, height: 80)
            .font(.system(size: 36))
            .glassEffect()

        Image(systemName: "heart.fill")
            .frame(width: 80, height: 80)
            .font(.system(size: 36))
            .glassEffect()
    }
}

Spacing Parameter:

• Controls when effects merge
• Smaller spacing = views must be closer to merge
• Larger spacing = effects merge at greater distances

Uniting Glass Effects

Combine views into a single glass effect using glassEffectUnion:

swift
@Namespace private var namespace

GlassEffectContainer(spacing: 20.0) {
    HStack(spacing: 20.0) {
        ForEach(items.indices, id: \.self) { index in
            Image(systemName: items[index])
                .frame(width: 60, height: 60)
                .glassEffect()
                .glassEffectUnion(
                    id: index < 2 ? "group1" : "group2",
                    namespace: namespace
                )
        }
    }
}

Morphing Transitions

Create fluid morphing effects when views appear/disappear.

Setup

1. Create a namespace
2. Assign glass effect IDs
3. Use animations on state changes

swift
struct MorphingToolbar: View {
    @State private var isExpanded = false
    @Namespace private var namespace

    var body: some View {
        GlassEffectContainer(spacing: 40.0) {
            HStack(spacing: 40.0) {
                // Always visible
                Image(systemName: "pencil")
                    .frame(width: 60, height: 60)
                    .glassEffect()
                    .glassEffectID("pencil", in: namespace)

                // Conditionally visible - will morph in/out
                if isExpanded {
                    Image(systemName: "eraser")
                        .frame(width: 60, height: 60)
                        .glassEffect()
                        .glassEffectID("eraser", in: namespace)

                    Image(systemName: "ruler")
                        .frame(width: 60, height: 60)
                        .glassEffect()
                        .glassEffectID("ruler", in: namespace)
                }
            }
        }

        Button("Toggle") {
            withAnimation(.spring(response: 0.4, dampingFraction: 0.8)) {
                isExpanded.toggle()
            }
        }
        .buttonStyle(.glass)
    }
}

Button Styles

Glass Button

swift
Button("Standard") {
    // action
}
.buttonStyle(.glass)

Glass Prominent Button

swift
Button("Primary Action") {
    // action
}
.buttonStyle(.glassProminent)

Advanced Techniques

Background Extension

Extend a hero image beyond the safe area — the system mirrors and blurs it under bars and sidebars:

swift
Image("hero")
    .backgroundExtensionEffect()

Or stretch content under sidebar or inspector:

swift
NavigationSplitView {
    SidebarView()
} detail: {
    DetailView()
        .background {
            Image("wallpaper")
                .resizable()
                .ignoresSafeArea()
        }
}

Horizontal Scroll Under Sidebar

swift
ScrollView(.horizontal) {
    HStack {
        ForEach(items) { item in
            ItemView(item: item)
        }
    }
}
.scrollExtensionMode(.underSidebar)

Tab Bar Behaviors

swift
TabView {
    // tabs
}
.tabBarMinimizeBehavior(.onScrollDown)  // Tab bar recedes while scrolling content
.tabViewBottomAccessory {               // Persistent control docked above the tab bar
    MiniPlayerView()
}

Toolbar Spacers

Split toolbar items into separate glass groups instead of customizing bar backgrounds:

swift
.toolbar {
    ToolbarItem { editButton }
    ToolbarSpacer(.fixed)      // Visual break — starts a new glass group
    ToolbarItem { shareButton }
    ToolbarSpacer(.flexible)   // Pushes the following group apart
    ToolbarItem { doneButton }
}

Scroll Edge Effect Style

swift
ScrollView { content }
    .scrollEdgeEffectStyle(.hard, for: .top)  // Hard style for dense UI, mostly macOS

Sheets

Remove custom presentationBackground modifiers — they interfere with the sheet's glass material and its morphing behavior.

AppKit Implementation

NSGlassEffectView

swift
import AppKit

// Create glass effect view
let glassView = NSGlassEffectView(frame: NSRect(x: 20, y: 20, width: 200, height: 100))
glassView.cornerRadius = 16.0
glassView.tintColor = NSColor.systemBlue.withAlphaComponent(0.3)

// Create content
let label = NSTextField(labelWithString: "Glass Content")
label.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false

// Set content view
glassView.contentView = label

// Add constraints
if let contentView = glassView.contentView {
    NSLayoutConstraint.activate([
        label.centerXAnchor.constraint(equalTo: contentView.centerXAnchor),
        label.centerYAnchor.constraint(equalTo: contentView.centerYAnchor)
    ])
}

NSGlassEffectContainerView

swift
// Create container
let container = NSGlassEffectContainerView(frame: bounds)
container.spacing = 40.0

// Create content view
let contentView = NSView(frame: container.bounds)
container.contentView = contentView

// Add glass views to content
let glass1 = NSGlassEffectView(frame: NSRect(x: 20, y: 50, width: 150, height: 100))
let glass2 = NSGlassEffectView(frame: NSRect(x: 190, y: 50, width: 150, height: 100))

contentView.addSubview(glass1)
contentView.addSubview(glass2)

Interactive AppKit Glass

swift
class InteractiveGlassView: NSGlassEffectView {
    override init(frame: NSRect) {
        super.init(frame: frame)
        setupTracking()
    }

    required init?(coder: NSCoder) {
        super.init(coder: coder)
        setupTracking()
    }

    private func setupTracking() {
        let options: NSTrackingArea.Options = [
            .mouseEnteredAndExited,
            .activeInActiveApp
        ]
        let trackingArea = NSTrackingArea(
            rect: bounds,
            options: options,
            owner: self,
            userInfo: nil
        )
        addTrackingArea(trackingArea)
    }

    override func mouseEntered(with event: NSEvent) {
        super.mouseEntered(with: event)
        NSAnimationContext.runAnimationGroup { context in
            context.duration = 0.2
            animator().tintColor = NSColor.systemBlue.withAlphaComponent(0.2)
        }
    }

    override func mouseExited(with event: NSEvent) {
        super.mouseExited(with: event)
        NSAnimationContext.runAnimationGroup { context in
            context.duration = 0.2
            animator().tintColor = nil
        }
    }
}

Common Patterns

Floating Action Bar

swift
struct FloatingActionBar: View {
    @Namespace private var namespace

    var body: some View {
        GlassEffectContainer(spacing: 20) {
            HStack(spacing: 16) {
                ForEach(actions) { action in
                    Button {
                        action.perform()
                    } label: {
                        Image(systemName: action.icon)
                            .font(.title2)
                    }
                    .frame(width: 44, height: 44)
                    .glassEffect(.regular.interactive())
                    .glassEffectID(action.id, in: namespace)
                }
            }
            .padding(.horizontal, 8)
            .padding(.vertical, 4)
        }
    }
}

Card with Glass Effect

For a card floating above content (e.g. overlaid on a map). Cards inside a scrolling list are content-layer — don't use glass there. Note the icon uses a fill, not a second glassEffect: elements on glass never get glass again.

swift
struct GlassCard: View {
    let title: String
    let subtitle: String
    let icon: String

    var body: some View {
        HStack(spacing: 16) {
            Image(systemName: icon)
                .font(.title)
                .frame(width: 50, height: 50)
                .background(.blue.opacity(0.15), in: .rect(cornerRadius: 12))

            VStack(alignment: .leading) {
                Text(title)
                    .font(.headline)
                Text(subtitle)
                    .font(.subheadline)
                    .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
            }

            Spacer()
        }
        .padding()
        .glassEffect(in: .rect(cornerRadius: 16))
    }
}

Tab Bar with Morphing

swift
struct GlassTabBar: View {
    @Binding var selection: Int
    @Namespace private var namespace

    let tabs = [
        ("house", "Home"),
        ("magnifyingglass", "Search"),
        ("person", "Profile")
    ]

    var body: some View {
        GlassEffectContainer(spacing: 30) {
            HStack(spacing: 30) {
                ForEach(tabs.indices, id: \.self) { index in
                    Button {
                        withAnimation(.spring(response: 0.35, dampingFraction: 0.8)) {
                            selection = index
                        }
                    } label: {
                        VStack(spacing: 4) {
                            Image(systemName: tabs[index].0)
                                .font(.title2)
                            Text(tabs[index].1)
                                .font(.caption)
                        }
                        .frame(width: 70, height: 60)
                    }
                    .glassEffect(
                        selection == index
                            ? .regular.tint(.blue).interactive()
                            : .regular.interactive()
                    )
                    .glassEffectID("tab\(index)", in: namespace)
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

Migration from Old API

Before (Old Approach)

swift
// Old: Using materials directly
VStack {
    Text("Content")
}
.padding()
.background(.ultraThinMaterial)
.cornerRadius(16)

After (New API)

swift
// New: Using glassEffect modifier
VStack {
    Text("Content")
}
.padding()
.glassEffect(in: .rect(cornerRadius: 16))

Key Differences

| Old Approach | New API | |--------------|---------| | .background(.material) | .glassEffect() | | Manual corner radius | Shape parameter | | No interactivity | .interactive() modifier | | Manual tinting | .tint(Color) modifier | | No morphing | glassEffectID + @Namespace | | No container grouping | GlassEffectContainer |

UIKit Implementation

UIGlassEffect

Use UIVisualEffectView with a UIGlassEffect to create glass surfaces in UIKit:

swift
import UIKit

let glassEffect = UIGlassEffect()
let visualEffectView = UIVisualEffectView(effect: glassEffect)
visualEffectView.frame = CGRect(x: 50, y: 100, width: 300, height: 200)
visualEffectView.layer.cornerRadius = 20
visualEffectView.clipsToBounds = true

let label = UILabel()
label.text = "Liquid Glass"
label.textAlignment = .center
label.frame = visualEffectView.bounds
visualEffectView.contentView.addSubview(label)
view.addSubview(visualEffectView)

Customizing the Glass Effect

swift
glassEffect.tintColor = UIColor.systemBlue.withAlphaComponent(0.3)
glassEffect.isInteractive = true

Interactive Glass in UIKit

Set isInteractive = true on a UIGlassEffect to make it respond to touch:

swift
let interactiveGlassEffect = UIGlassEffect()
interactiveGlassEffect.isInteractive = true

let glassButton = UIButton(frame: CGRect(x: 50, y: 300, width: 200, height: 50))
glassButton.setTitle("Glass Button", for: .normal)
glassButton.setTitleColor(.white, for: .normal)

let buttonEffectView = UIVisualEffectView(effect: interactiveGlassEffect)
buttonEffectView.frame = glassButton.bounds
buttonEffectView.layer.cornerRadius = 15
buttonEffectView.clipsToBounds = true

glassButton.insertSubview(buttonEffectView, at: 0)
view.addSubview(glassButton)

UIGlassContainerEffect

Use UIGlassContainerEffect when combining multiple glass elements. This is the UIKit equivalent of SwiftUI's GlassEffectContainer -- it enables proper blending and morphing between glass views:

swift
let containerEffect = UIGlassContainerEffect()
containerEffect.spacing = 40.0

let containerView = UIVisualEffectView(effect: containerEffect)
containerView.frame = CGRect(x: 50, y: 400, width: 300, height: 200)

let firstGlassEffect = UIGlassEffect()
let firstGlassView = UIVisualEffectView(effect: firstGlassEffect)
firstGlassView.frame = CGRect(x: 20, y: 20, width: 100, height: 100)
firstGlassView.layer.cornerRadius = 20
firstGlassView.clipsToBounds = true

let secondGlassEffect = UIGlassEffect()
secondGlassEffect.tintColor = UIColor.systemPink.withAlphaComponent(0.3)
let secondGlassView = UIVisualEffectView(effect: secondGlassEffect)
secondGlassView.frame = CGRect(x: 80, y: 60, width: 100, height: 100)
secondGlassView.layer.cornerRadius = 20
secondGlassView.clipsToBounds = true

containerView.contentView.addSubview(firstGlassView)
containerView.contentView.addSubview(secondGlassView)
view.addSubview(containerView)

Scroll View Edge Effects

UIKit scroll views now support configurable edge effects for Liquid Glass integration:

swift
let scrollView = UIScrollView(frame: view.bounds)
scrollView.topEdgeEffect.style = .automatic
scrollView.bottomEdgeEffect.style = .hard
scrollView.leftEdgeEffect.isHidden = true
scrollView.rightEdgeEffect.isHidden = true

Available Edge Effect Styles:

| Style | Description | |-------|-------------| | .automatic | System determines style based on context | | .hard | Hard cutoff with a dividing line |

UIScrollEdgeElementContainerInteraction

Coordinates glass elements (such as bottom toolbars) with scroll edge behavior:

swift
let interaction = UIScrollEdgeElementContainerInteraction()
interaction.scrollView = scrollView
interaction.edge = .bottom
buttonContainer.addInteraction(interaction)

Toolbar Integration

UIKit navigation bar items integrate with Liquid Glass automatically; hidesSharedBackground opts an item out of the shared glass bar:

swift
let shareButton = UIBarButtonItem(
    barButtonSystemItem: .action,
    target: self,
    action: #selector(shareAction)
)
let favoriteButton = UIBarButtonItem(
    image: UIImage(systemName: "heart"),
    style: .plain,
    target: self,
    action: #selector(favoriteAction)
)
favoriteButton.hidesSharedBackground = true
navigationItem.rightBarButtonItems = [shareButton, favoriteButton]

UIKit vs SwiftUI Comparison

| SwiftUI | UIKit | |---------|-------| | .glassEffect() | UIVisualEffectView(effect: UIGlassEffect()) | | .glassEffect(.regular.interactive()) | UIGlassEffect() with isInteractive = true | | .glassEffect(.regular.tint(.blue)) | UIGlassEffect() with tintColor = ... | | GlassEffectContainer(spacing:) | UIGlassContainerEffect() with spacing | | .buttonStyle(.glass) | Insert UIVisualEffectView as button subview |

WidgetKit Implementation

Rendering Modes

Widgets support two rendering modes that affect how Liquid Glass is displayed:

| Mode | Description | |------|-------------| | Full Color | Default mode. Displays all colors, images, and transparency as designed. | | Accented | Used when tinted or clear appearance is chosen. Primary and accented content tinted white (iOS and macOS). Background replaced with themed glass or tinted color effect. |

Accented Mode

Detect the rendering mode and adapt layout accordingly. Use .widgetAccentable() to mark views that should be tinted in accented mode:

swift
struct MyWidgetView: View {
    @Environment(\.widgetRenderingMode) var renderingMode

    var body: some View {
        if renderingMode == .accented {
            // Layout optimized for accented mode
            AccentedWidgetLayout()
        } else {
            // Standard full-color layout
            FullColorWidgetLayout()
        }
    }
}

Grouping Accent Content

swift
HStack(alignment: .center, spacing: 0) {
    VStack(alignment: .leading) {
        Text("Widget Title")
            .font(.headline)
            .widgetAccentable()
        Text("Widget Subtitle")
    }
    Image(systemName: "star.fill")
        .widgetAccentable()
}

Image Rendering in Accented Mode

swift
Image("myImage")
    .widgetAccentedRenderingMode(.monochrome)

Container Backgrounds

Define a container background for your widget content:

swift
var body: some View {
    VStack {
        // Widget content
    }
    .containerBackground(for: .widget) {
        Color.blue.opacity(0.2)
    }
}

Background Removal

Prevent the system from removing the widget background. Note that marking a background as non-removable excludes the widget from contexts that require removable backgrounds (iPad Lock Screen, StandBy):

swift
var body: some WidgetConfiguration {
    StaticConfiguration(kind: "MyWidget", provider: Provider()) { entry in
        MyWidgetView(entry: entry)
    }
    .containerBackgroundRemovable(false)
}

visionOS Textures and Mounting Styles

Widget Textures

swift
// Default glass texture
.widgetTexture(.glass)

// Paper-like texture
.widgetTexture(.paper)

Mounting Styles

swift
.supportedMountingStyles([.recessed, .elevated])

| Style | Description | |-------|-------------| | .recessed | Widget appears embedded into a vertical surface | | .elevated | Widget appears on top of a surface |

Custom Glass Elements in Widgets

Apply .glassEffect() and .buttonStyle(.glass) directly within widget views:

swift
// Glass text element
Text("Custom Element")
    .padding()
    .glassEffect()

// Glass image element
Image(systemName: "star.fill")
    .frame(width: 60, height: 60)
    .glassEffect(.regular, in: .rect(cornerRadius: 12))

// Glass button in widget
Button("Action") { }
    .buttonStyle(.glass)

Best Practices

1. Use GlassEffectContainer for multiple glass views

• Improves rendering performance
• Enables morphing transitions

1. Apply glass effect last in modifier chain

• After frame, padding, and content modifiers

1. Choose appropriate spacing in containers

• Controls when effects blend together

1. Use animations for state changes

• Enables smooth morphing transitions

1. Add interactivity for touchable elements

• .interactive() for buttons and controls

1. Tint sparingly — reserve tint for the primary action

• See Design Rules: tinting everything makes nothing stand out

1. Consistent shapes across your app

• Establish a shape language (all capsules, or all rounded rects)

Checklist

SwiftUI

• ] Use .glassEffect() instead of .background(.material)
• ] Wrap multiple glass views in GlassEffectContainer
• ] Add @Namespace for morphing transitions
• ] Use .glassEffectID() on views that appear/disappear
• ] Add .interactive() for touchable elements
• ] Use .buttonStyle(.glass) for glass buttons
• ] Test animations for smooth morphing

UIKit

• ] Use UIVisualEffectView with UIGlassEffect for glass surfaces
• ] Set isInteractive = true on glass effects for touchable elements
• ] Wrap multiple glass views in UIGlassContainerEffect
• ] Configure scroll view edge effects (.automatic or .hard)
• ] Use UIScrollEdgeElementContainerInteraction for scroll-coordinated toolbars
• ] Use hidesSharedBackground for toolbar items that need independent glass

WidgetKit

• ] Detect widgetRenderingMode and adapt layout for accented mode
• ] Mark accent content with .widgetAccentable()
• ] Set .widgetAccentedRenderingMode() on images
• ] Define .containerBackground(for: .widget) for backgrounds
• ] Use .containerBackgroundRemovable(false) only when necessary
• ] Apply .glassEffect() and .buttonStyle(.glass) in widget views
• ] Configure .widgetTexture() and .supportedMountingStyles() for visionOS

General

• ] Glass only on the navigation layer — never on content (tables, lists)
• ] No glass stacked on glass; one variant (Regular or Clear) per interface
• ] Only the primary action is tinted
• ] Consider performance with many glass effects
• ] Support both light and dark appearances

References

SwiftUI

• Applying Liquid Glass to custom views
• Landmarks: Building an app with Liquid Glass
• SwiftUI GlassEffectContainer

AppKit

• AppKit NSGlassEffectView

UIKit

• UIKit UIGlassEffect
• UIKit UIGlassContainerEffect
• UIKit UIVisualEffectView
• UIScrollEdgeElementContainerInteraction

WidgetKit

• WidgetKit Rendering Modes
• widgetAccentable())
• containerBackground(for:))